Tear Down this Wall Speech - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 854 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/05/08 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Berlin Wall Essay Did you like this example? Ronald Reagans speech, Tear Down this Wall was a very important speech that served to unify the east and west Berlins. His speech was made to break down the Berlin wall, which he believed was unnecessary and questioned it from the moment he saw it. He gave his speech in 1987 and he talked about how he believes the wall is not only a symbol against german freedom but freedom of mankind, he also talks about the history of the presidents that came before him and the history of Berlin and Germany. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Tear Down this Wall Speech" essay for you Create order Lastly he talks about how he will work with France and Britain to make change for Berlin. The Tear down this wall speech also known as, The speech at the Berlin wall was an extremely important speech as said by Former West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl,He was a stroke of luck for the world, especially for Europe.1. He gave the speech on June 12, 1987 to the people of Berlin although most of them couldnt hear due to the eastern german police blocking the citizens from getting close to the wall, his main topic during the speech was how he wanted the destruction the Berlin Wall due to it being the means of division between Berlin and Europe. The ethos in this speech comes from the fact that he is the president of the United States and the people he mentions that are on his side that he works with or will work with. So that he can make an effective and unbiased statement President Reagan acknowledges Khrushchevs statement stating,We will bury you2. This shows Reagans credibility to be able to make a speech for good with also incorporating people who are against him. Later i n the speech he also mentions how the soviets have been leaning more towards changing their current political society, but mentioning them he successfully talks about the other political influences in Germany, this validates his argument by showing the two sides of the argument. Reagan uses logos to help his main point that freedom, democracy, and the destruction of the Berlin Wall are all beneficial. During his speech Reagan talks about how other countries are prospering due to their freedom, and he shows how each country that has achieved freedom has grown exponentially economically. In his speech it is evident that Reagan is trying to give facts and trying to persuade the people that freedom is essential to gaining more power and money for every country. By saying this Reagan is trying to gain credibility by saying how he wants change just as much as the berlins do. Later in the speech Reagan still keeps on giving examples of freedom giving happiness to really put that idea in their heads and to strengthen his credibility. Throughout the speech Reagan sticks to the belief that people want to live in stable countries with a strong economy, he is using this as a bas to appeal to peoples logic and create an effective claim to persuade the people to see his s ide of the story. In addition to his logical and ethical appeals Reagan also makes several appeals to pathos. Although they dont stand out as much as his logic and ethos, Reagans thoughts emotional and moral problems do work well with his rhetoric. Reagan starts off by familiarizing his audience with his surroundings and getting a connection with his audience, Were drawn here by the feeling of history in this city, more than 500 years older than our own nation3. In this Reagan praises Berlins history while also showing berlins seniority in age. Reagan uses the berlin wall as a means to make the speech more personalized and relevant. With the context structured, Reagan then moves on to his audience. He establishes a connection with the Berliners by showing that he understands their situation. The empathy shown in Reagans speech goes well with his Ethos and shows the Germans that he is fit to represent their hardships. Overall Reagans argument is very strong and effective. Although it is still unknown whether or not the speech had an actual impact on the decision to break down the wall there was still a very strong acceptance of what he said. It is evident that his real purpose was to gather the people of germany and make them one strong force. Reagans goal was a success due to his great combination of ethical, emotional and logical arguments. He was able to connect with his audience by using these claims and used his presidential status to give a more authoritative approach. Even though Reagans speech was a success he did not use all of the resources he could have used to sound more professional like statistics. Reagan uses examples on economy a lot but never gives any statistical evidence on any of the examples which made his speech weaker. Although Reagan had many weak spots in his speech his overall speech was strong and was able to take the point across, it is proven by the fact that the berli n wall was eventually torn down giving them the freedom they had been fighting for.

Has Marketing to Tweens gone to far Free Essay Example, 2750 words

Thus, ethics are pivotal to business operations because it governs the range of methods we ought to use and determines as well if we will operate in a sustainable way in the society in which our businesses are located. As mentioned, at the minimum, ethics will allow us to earn the goodwill whose needs we have committed to serve and the goodwill can also contribute to long-term revenues and profitability of our businesses. An ethical issue in marketing is marketing to various age groups. In particular, marketing to the age group between eight to thirteen years old can be ethically problematic. It can be argued that the young people in the age group are no longer children but, at the same time, they are not yet teenagers (Cousineau and Scurry, 33). The age group between eight to fourteen years old is known as â€Å"tweens† but the literature sometimes classify â€Å"tweens† as the age group between six years old and twelve years old (Cousineau and Scurry, 33). However, w e can argue that the proper age group for the tweens is between eight and thirteen years old because by the time that a young person is thirteen then he or she can be classified as a teenager and thirteen can be classified as the pre-teen. The tweens market is no pushover. We will write a custom essay sample on Has Marketing to Tweens gone to far or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now In the US market alone, the tween market alone is about $40 billion compared to the $160 billion for the teen market (Raugust and EPM Editors, 1). Based on a study by Tiffany Meyers in 2005, treating teens and tweens to be belonging to the same age group can backfire because â€Å"it is difficult to push one coherent message† to the kids in the personality of the tweens (Cousineau and Scurry, 34). Tweens do not always relate to the activities of young people older than their age group (Cousineau and Scurry, 34). Based on study by Erin Clack, there can be attitudinal distinction between the younger grade schoolers and middle grade schoolers (Cousineau and Scurry, 34). Tweens play like younger kids (Cousineau and Scurry, 34). Based on a sample of 900 tweens, a recent study by the KidzEye division of the C&R Research revealed that 84 percent of tweens still use toys and dolls (Cousineau and Scurry, 34). Yet, tweens especially girls, like to loo k older and behave like teenagers (Cousineau and Scurry, 34). Friendships are important for tweens but mainly as a source of fun (Cousineau and Scurry, 34). At the same time, family relationships still dominate (Cousineau and Scurry, 34). In contrast, based on a study by book by David Siegel and others in 2004, peer group opinion is very important for teens and relationships with friends are as important as family relationships (Cousineau and Scurry, 34).

Nike Case Study Essay - 863 Words

Nike Case Study â€Å"Nike is criticized for using sweatshops in countries like Indonesia and Mexico. The company has been subject to much critical coverage of the often poor working conditions and the exploitativeness of the cheap overseas labor.† – answers.com 1. Should Nike be held responsible for working conditions in foreign factories that it does not own, but where sub-contractors make product for Nike? Yes, but I do not believe that the firm is 100% responsible since it is the sub-contractors who operate and create conditions for workers. Low-cost manufacturing is Nike’s strategy, and it is realized by outsourcing the manufacturing process to cheap labor countries. If Nike were responsible for all of working†¦show more content†¦Union organizers have been beaten, thrown in jail, black listed, and even killed. In some countries, such as Mexico, the government often cooperates with factory owners as they try to bust organizing drives. 3. An income of $2.28 a day, the base pay of Nike factory workers in Indonesia, is double the daily income of about half the working population. Half of all adults in Indonesia are farmers, who receive less than $1 a day. Given this, is it correct to criticize Nike for low pay rates for subcontractors in Indonesia. No, it is not. I believe that it is the local economy that determines if the wage is too low or not. If Nike factory in Indonesia allocates income double of that of about half the working population there, I think Nike should rather be applauded for providing working opportunities to the local community. However, as Nike’s factory improve the unemployment condition for the local community, local government would not bother to help the community to improve their economy anymore. Then, the local community will always be dependent on Nike factory, and the community will have to live with the factory no matter how bad the Nike factory treat workers. This kind of situation would not boost the economy of the community, therefore Nike will be considered as a greedy corporation. 4. Would Nike have handled the negative publicity over sweatshops better? What might have been done differently? Not just from the public relations perspective,Show MoreRelatedNike Case Study1004 Words   |  5 PagesRSS Case Study: E-recruitment gets Nike on track Posted by HR Zone in Strategies on Thu, 09/12/2004 - 16:54 0 inShare The Nike employer brand is extremely powerful in attracting potential talent to the business making the process of handling applications and supporting the resourcing process effectively and efficiently critical to business success; implementing e-recruitment was identified as the way to solve this businesses hiring problems. The issue Nike currently receives aroundRead MoreNike Case Study1112 Words   |  5 PagesCase Study- Nike 1. Discuss how Nikes growth can be attributed to its targeting of diverse market global segments. In the 1960’s Nike was only making running shoes. At this point in time not many people knew of Nike or the Nike swoosh. In order to increase brand awareness, they started paying athletes to wear their shoes. However, very soon Nike learnt that in order to be a global brand they needed to appeal to different market segments, not just athletes. Hence, they then decided to tapRead MoreNike Case Study1494 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: This paper is a case study of Nike Inc. I will give a brief overview of the history, products, company goals, company challenges, financial report and sourcing strategies. My main sources of information are internet databases, company annual reports, and financial articles. 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While Nike management addressed several issues that are causing the decrease in market sales and prices of stocks, management presented its plans to improve and perform better. †¢ Third party sources also gave their opinions on whether the stock was a sound investment. WACC CALCULATION: Cost of Capital Calculations: Nike Inc Cohen calculated

Joe Tilsons Nine Elements - 1565 Words

A visually engulfing and diverse piece, Joe Tilson’s Nine Elements uses a wooden relief with acrylic, pearl and candy paint, to represent those elements that make up mass media pop culture. Tilson uses defined iconography that visually absorbs the viewer through its differentiation within the symmetrically structured borders of the wooden relief. It is a piece that allows the observer freedom to use the representative symbols of senses and concepts present in our every day life to take their own meaning of the piece. Joe Tilson’s Nine Elements, produced in 1963, is created on a massive scale at 259 cm in height and 182.80 cm across. It was purchased in 1983 by the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art One, and has resided there since. Nine Elements consist of a wooden relief separated into a three-by-three matrix with paintings and wooden cut outs of everyday symbols representing abstract, sense and concepts, and three tower of flame above them painted using bright candy paint. As previously mentioned the objects depicted within the three by three grid represent conceptual elements of everyday life such as sight, sound, hearing, touch, time, and chance. The eye with glasses in the top left corner represents sight and to create this sense, Tilson, used a picture of his own eye as a model for his painting. By utilizing the media of photography, a tool that has the power to preserve in time (another one of his elements) our visual sense, he is commenting on the change in

Wearable Technology

Questions: 1.What are wearable devices,Provide several examples of general applications of wearable devices? 2.Describe some of the consumer-related issues that are mentioned in this article,briefly discuss possible solutions to the issues? Answers: 1. Wearable devices The wearable devices are considered as small computing devices that can be worn by the users. Most of the times these devices communicate with another computer or mobile devices so that they are able deliver users needs in an efficient manner. Presently, there are three types of wearable devices are available commercially (Jakicic et al. 2016). These are smart watches, fitness trackers and smart glasses. Smart watches: This kind of watches do more than just keeping time, it connects with the smart-phones wirelessly so that user can easily answer to their calls, see the received messages, play music. Most of these devices provide a touch screen so that user can interact with the devices. Examples of general applications of wearable devices This new technology is hugely used in the different fields in order improve the efficiency of those fields. The wearable devices are mainly used in the health care, infotainment, manufacturing industry and in military. Personal health care: In personal health care, The RAs (Remembrance Agents) are wearable that consistently notifies the wearer about the data related to their health depending on the users present physical and heath issues (Wahed and Belle 2016). RAs are dependably on and constantly active and working rather than being activated in the emergency situations. Digital story telling: Use of the wearable cameras can improve the engagement of a learner in their field trips. Such as using the wearable devices the professor can teach their nursing students to sterile the equipments direct from the operation room. In enhancing sports performance: There are several companies that are connected with the development of the wearable devices that helps the players and athletes to analyze their performance and improve their performance by eliminating the different flaws in their actions (Jakicic et al. 2016). Example of this kind of wearable device is Smash. These wearable devices are developed and designed by a startup company in Australia Figure 1: Smash wearable band device for Tennis players. Military uses: In case of military, most of the developed countries developed gadgets that are helpful in warfront for their soldiers (Jakicic et al. 2016). Such as the wearable tiny cameras in the helmets of the soldiers that provides real time video streaming of the war front at the head quarters so that, the backup can be sent to the war front in minimum respond time. Figure 2: Use of wearable devices in military (Source: Wahed and Belle 2016, p.98) Figure 3: Estimated Market Size of wearable devices in 2020 (Source: World Economic Forum 2017) 2. Consumer related issues with the wearable devices There are several issues that act as constraints in the adaptability of the wearable devices in the commercial market. Some of this is bulky designs of the devices, higher power consumption, high initial cost to acquire the devices and most importantly the lack of security of data and privacy. Bulky design: One of the most discussed constraints in ace of the adoption of Smart Wearable Technology devices and its market is the bulky design of wearable gadgets in light of the fact that most buyers/ consumers use traditional wearable accessories, as an example, jewelry, glasses, wristbands and watches to create an impression in the society. From the context of the users, the wearable devices are used by the consumers to reflect the fashion trends. Presently, most of the wearable gadget manufacturer and designers concentrates to the innovation as opposed to concentrating on attractive design of the devices. For example, the greater part of the smart watches in the market keeps running on components and processors that are developed for smart phones, therefore they are bulkier compared to an ordinary watch. So also, brilliant wearable eyewear may not reflect trendy design that attracts the consumers in the market. Higher power consumption: Another constraint for the manufacturers in the market is the high rate of power utilization of the wearable devices (World Economic Forum 2017). Most wearable devices utilize remote systems to process the collected data, wearables like GPS and different other wearable devices are developed in such a way that they consume a huge amount of power from its internal rechargeable devices. Presently, the battery can empower the wearable devices for one to two days. If the devices are intensely used by the users, the charge of the battery can be drained in a day (Jakicic et al. 2016). As an example if we consider the Google Glass, its battery can supply power for 4-8 hours in case of the intensive use of the device. Therefore, the reduced battery life along with higher rate of power consumption of wearable gadgets are lessening the adoption and use by the consumers, which is relied upon to hamper the development prospects of the market amid the forecasted growth. Lack of privacy and data security: even though the wearable devices are small in size but they can store GBs of data. Most of these devices utilize GPS navigation frameworks to get area based data about the individual wearing the devices. Infrequently, consumers need to share their location based data with the manufacturers or service providers to get certain kind of information they require (ComputerWeekly, 2017). The similar happens in case of the Google Glass; consumers need to share their location based information about their location while checking-in at any place or in another country, which is stored in its database central as well as regional database. This kind of data can be retrieved by different advertisers and can be used business purpose that may annoy to the users. Possible solutions to the issues As the users tend to buy the wearable devices that are trendy and fashionable designs. Therefore, the engineers need to design the devices in an attractive way so that this can attract the potential customers. In addition to this, the devices must use the new kind of power sources like the solar panels so that the bulky batteries does not make the design of the wearables a bulky one. Moov Now: Moov Now application is the most discussed fitness application worldwide. It is really magnificent in light of the fact that it joins 5 unique programmes to meet the requirements of runners and walkers. Every program utilizes interim preparing to help smolder more calories and to encourage runners to run speedier and additionally separates. The application furnishes the users with various levels permitting them to test themselves. My FitnessPal: My Fitnesspal is one of the applications that are appraised for the applications for health and weight reduction purpose. It contains the biggest food related database; roughly 5,000,000 nourishments. With the mix of practice section, and calorie following My Fitnesspal can help the users shed their additional pounds inside under 5 minutes of cell phone utilize a day. The best element is that it is totally simple to utilize. You can track nourishment calories by basically checking the standardized tag. The application can perceived more than 4 million sustenance standardized identifications. Ethical dilemmas related to wearable devices Wearable devices with recording abilities of locations follows posture spying concerns, and businesses ought to draft policies on when the gadgets ought to be closed according those norms (Jakicic et al. 2016). For instance, if a representative is going to a union meeting, the recording or area following capacities could uncover that individual's personals details. Again the issues related to the protection of the intellectual properties are also at stake due to the use of the wearable technologies. This leads to the lack of protection of the intellectual properties of the business organizations and individuals. In addition to this, the recording and capturing the images of the individual and organizations without their permissions are also considered as the source of different ethical dilemmas. Easier physical access to the personal data The data stored in the wearable devices are stored without any security mechanism. Wearable devices store information locally on the devices without encryption or other security mechanism. Often it is seen that no PIN or password assurance, client verification, no biometric security are required to get the information on a wearable device (World Economic Forum 2017). On the off chance that if the device is gets into the wrong hands, there is a hazard that confidential and sensitive information could be used in a wrong way No standard or compliance As most of the security issues need to be addressed by the manufacturers of the wearable devices therefore they need a standard that may be set by themselves or by the concerned regulatory authority or governments (Jakicic et al. 2016). This will help the manufacturers to set a fair usage policy for their devices for the users. Therefore use of the compliance and standard can ensure the security of the data of the users to a large extent. Confusion for Data ownership The users of the wearable smart watches, smart glasses and fitness trackers collect health, personal and financial data and store them into a central database of the manufacturers. The data privacy policies are vague and often end up with the clauses like We may share the collected information with the third parties. Which literally leads to the breach in the privacy of users personal data. References ComputerWeekly. 2017.Wearable technology creates new privacy issues for employers. [online] Available at: https://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240223173/Wearable-technology-new-privacy-headaches-for-employers [Accessed 27 Jan. 2017]. Hnsel, K., Wilde, N., Haddadi, H. and Alomainy, A., 2015, December. Challenges with Current Wearable Technology in Monitoring Health Data and Providing Positive Behavioural Support. InProceedings of the 5th EAI International Conference on Wireless Mobile Communication and Healthcare(pp. 158-161). ICST (Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering). Jakicic, J.M., Davis, K.K., Rogers, R.J., King, W.C., Marcus, M.D., Helsel, D., Rickman, A.D., Wahed, A.S. and Belle, S.H., 2016. Effect of wearable technology combined with a lifestyle intervention on long-term weight loss: the IDEA randomized clinical trial.Jama,316(11), pp.1161-1171. Page, T., 2015. A Forecast of the Adoption of Wearable Technology.International Journal of Technology Diffusion (IJTD),6(2), pp.12-29. Safavi, S. and Shukur, Z., 2014. Conceptual privacy framework for health information on wearable device.PloS one,9(12), p.e114306. Sultan, N., 2015. Reflective thoughts on the potential and challenges of wearable technology for healthcare provision and medical education.International Journal of Information Management,35(5), pp.521-526. Thierer, A.D., 2015. The internet of things and wearable technology: Addressing privacy and security concerns without derailing innovation. World Economic Forum. 2017.3 key issues for wearable tech and health. [online] Available at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/10/wearable-tech-true-health/ [Accessed 27 Jan. 2017]. Zhou, J., Cao, Z., Dong, X. and Lin, X., 2015. Security and privacy in cloud-assisted wireless wearable communications: Challenges, solutions, and future directions.IEEE Wireless Communications,22(2), pp.136-144.

ERP Application in the Present Day Organizations

Question: Critically evaluate the importance of an ERP or Enterprise Resource Planning System in contemporary organizations? Answer: Introduction: Todays business scenario: The rising multinationals around the world has added to the global competition for businesses. The global markets have become so competitive that the survival is only of the fittest. The present day rational customer with varied demand and preferences prefer to buy different products and services after careful review. This way the comparison between different company products and services is made before making purchase. The product pricing, product quality, availability and various other factors contribute to the product sales. Therefore the present day business requires controlling its operation through an integrated system that could assist in information gathering and later decision making so that the desired outcome is received. The system which brings together the production, sales, cost and various managerial system requirements can actually help the company in taking most appropriate decisions so that the cutting edge advantage can be gained by the company(Jayachandran, 2004). About ERP: Enterprise Resource Planning or ERP is actually business management software that helps in collecting, storing and processing data for supporting business operations. The various processes that are supported include the following functions. Marketing management. Purchase management. Accounting management. Sales management. Inventory management. Cost management. Product planning. Physical distribution. Manufacturing management. In recent years the investment in the IT or Information Technology sector has risen manifolds. This system up-gradation has resulted in increasing business capacity, its effectiveness and achieve error free outcome. ERP therefore helps in integrating various business applications for the purpose of increasing business efficiency(Laudon Laudon, 2009). Explaining and applying ERP in business organizations: Explaining ERP application: Enterprise Resource Planning or ERP can help the present day organization in many ways. This can be depicted as below. It can be explained as follows. Business Environment The business environment includes both internal and external environment where the organization operates. The internal environment is under control of the organization management through decision making as it can respond to the decision making and guidelines of the higher management regarding production related decisions. However the external environment is controlled various factors out of control of the organization including environmental, government, economic etc. ERP helps in improving both the internal and external business environment through the application of IS or Information Strategy plan framework. It includes the following guidelines. Effectively and efficiently applying ERP system in all departments. Updating the knowledge base data at regular intervals. Training the employees for the upgraded method used in the office to make them capable of using the new technology. Regular using of the ERP system for decision making and reviewing of the business operations. (Caniels Gelderman, 2007) Business strategy: The business strategy includes the strategies that could help the organization achieve its objectives and goals through the available resources to the organization. ERP helps in achieving the various objectives and goals that are part of the business strategy. It helps in increasing the efficiency of the business and thereof the ability to manage and review things better through the new application. This way the organization is able to achieve higher profits and gains through the available resources. Functional strategy: ERP helps in improving the functional strategy through the application of the IM, KM and IS strategy more efficiently. 1. IM or Information Management strategy helps the business organization to keep records of the important information for the business in one technological space that could be easily accessed by the concerned authorities for the decision making process. 2. KM or Knowledge Management strategy helps the business organization to fetch more information about the decision making through the available historical data input that could support the decision making and help in reaching out to a more desired outcome and results. 3. IS or Information system strategy helps the business organization to use the available update information for the organization such that all the factors affecting the business can be identified, business capacity can be evaluated and hence the most appropriate business decision can be reached out. (Corta, 1993) Implementation: The implementation of the ERP system helps in the following ways. Gathering latest data about the business operation. Data analysis for the decision making purpose. Information availability through online mediums so that the management can fetch the required report or data from the system easily. Controlling and reviewing the business operations such that the desired outcome is achieved. Business Results: The business results hence achieved through application of ERP system includes the followings. Efficient Management: Technological updating: Reorganizing organization structure: Sales forecasting: Inventory Management: Order tracking: Revenue tracking: Reviewing purchase order: This way a change in the recent business process can be achieved and the implementation of the reviewed policies and decision making can be done accordingly. This way ERP application can help in achieving following benefits. Increasing output through production management. Increasing sales through efficient handling and applying of sales techniques. Achieving desired outcomes through effective and efficient business operations. (Flores Mynra, 2006) Critical evaluation of ERP in organizations: 1. Talking Rain: Talking Rain is an organization that deals in beverage distribution. The company has its area of operation in Washington State. The company followed the old method of manual process of filling orders and correlating transactions for customer purchase. A Spreadsheet along with handmade table and data inputs were used and distributed in various departments for informing them about transactions and keeping records. This took a lot of time wastage and loss of productivity from the business operations. After the application of ERP system called Microsoft Dynamics NAV, the company is now able to feed and withdraw information from one system. The spreadsheet filling and distribution process has come to an end which is not only saving time but also paper. Kevin Klock the president of the company also confirmed that after the application of ERP system the business operation has achieved more effectiveness. The productivity of the business has increased through the information fetching from one source. This has resulted in distributing information easily through emails to the concerned departments without any delays. Various department operations such as accounting, manufacturing, production etc. has been brought together so that the decision making can be made through the central authority after careful go through of the whole information about the business process. This way the production scheduling, business investment, time consumption has been taken under review to achieve high end gains and profits for the organization. Criticism can be made on the basis that the printed spreadsheets are easily to be taken anywhere and therefore there is no fear of it getting broken. In a production environment where the machinery is working, workers are doing work. It really becomes important to reach out to every single one of them and direct the business plan and operation. Therefore carrying emails through laptops and mobile phones is rather a riskier job which can be easily broken or damaged. The spreadsheets are easy to handle and thus can be carried along in all kind of business environment(Gregory et al., 2009). 2. Mackay and Sposito: Mackay and Sposito is actually a civil engineering company that takes contracts for the related projects. The company was facing difficulty in regular business estimation in terms of cost estimation, time constraints, delays etc. The result was undue delay in whole project work and the rise in cost resulted in effecting the business profitability. Furthermore the company felt uneasy while applying for the new projects as it was not sure of the capability it possesses. After the application of ERP system called Microsoft Dynamics SL, the company is able to access information for the already initiated process from finance, material management, inventory management and various other departments. This has helped the company high level officials to keep a control over the business operation and review the extent of project completion that has been achieved. The payrolls are now dispatched in two days than five days as earlier. Finally the company is now able to access the historical data that helps in easy decision making for applying to the new projects. Therefore ERP system application has given the company a cutting edge advantage of of realizing its cost estimation and applying for new projects and tenders easily after careful go through of the past information. Criticism can be made here on the basis that the information made available through online medium has a threat of being getting stolen or damaged due to the presence of hackers and viruses respectively. This way by using ERP system the important information of the company is kept at stake which can easily be damaged, destroyed or get stolen through outer interferences(Rao Klein, 2004). 3. Yorkshire Water: ERP at Yorkshire Water has also made it easier for the efficient managing of the various business operations such as sales, finance, human resource management etc. This way the company is able to manage the whole business operation, cut down its wastage of supplies and control over its expenses through the integrated system that is offered through ERP application. This way the company has been able to improve its sales and distribution process and brought controls over business operation and finance movement. Also the human resource management and assets accounting has been assisted through the ERP application. Criticism is done on the basis that the Yorkshire Water requires to increase efficiency of human resource through directions and guidelines which could help increase employee participation. For this purpose training and development programs should be proposed to increase the efficiency of the human resource(Nixon, 2001). Downside of using ERP: The down side of using ERP includes the followings. 1. A huge one time investment in the system updating is required to achieve high benefits for the future through application of ERP system in business operations. 2. The dependence on computer increases which may result harmful for the organization as the technical error could result in loss, damage or stealing of the important document or business information. 3. It sometimes difficult to make the new ERP system applied and developed in an industry environment which is based on old notions and work methods. 4. Human resources in the company may find themselves incompatible to use and apply the ERP system that may lead to various issues such as Absenteeism, employee turnover etc. 5. ERP system could only help in decision making and supporting business. Hence it could not bring in success all by itself. 6. Proper training is required to be given to the employees before ERP application in the entire system which is a very time and cost consuming concept. (McAfee, 2002) Conclusion: In the end, ERP has been effectively applying the changes in the organization which is helping them achieve the enhance business capacity. Various business processes such as accounting, human resource, inventory, production and others are managed through one integrated system. Also the information available on the ERP system helps in decision making process. The result is that the organizations are able to make full use of the available resources by allocating them appropriately to the business operation. Finally the business organizations has been able to achieve high end goals of increasing output, production and human resource capability which has helped increase profit margins and improve productivity of business. Thus the ERP system has helped in increasing control and reviewing of the whole business operation such that the organization goals are fulfilled and the most desired outcome is achieved. Bibliography Caniels, M. Gelderman, C., 2007. Power and interdependence in buyer supplier relationships: A purchasing portfolio approach. Industrial marketing management., 36(2), pp.219-29. Corta, J.W., 1993. TQM for sales and marketing management. McGraw-Hill. Denzin, N.K., 2001. Interpretative Interactionism. CA: Sage. Flores Mynra, 2006. Towards a Taxanomy for Networking Models for Innovation. IFIP International Federation for Information Processing, A Network-Centric Collaboration and Supporting Frameworks, 224, pp.55-66. Goldstein, D., 2007. What is Customer Segmentation. [Online] Available at: mindofmarketing.net. Gregory, R., Prifling, M. Beck, R., 2009. The role of cultural intelligence for the emergence of negotiated culture in IT offshore outsourcing projects. Information Technology and People, 22(3), pp.223-41. Jayachandran, S., 2004. Marketing Management. Excel Books India. Kotler, P. Gary, A., 2006. Principles of Marketing. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc. Laudon, K.C. Laudon, J.P., 2009. Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm. 11th ed. Prentice Hall/CourseSmart. Malhotra, N.K., 2002. Basic Marketing Research: A Decision-Making Approach. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.: Prentice Hall. McAfee, A., 2002. The impact of enterprise information technology adoption on operational performance: an empirical investigation. Production and Operations Management., 11(1), pp.33-53. Nixon, M., 2001. Innovations in logistic technology: generating top-line value and bottom-line ROI. World Trade, 14(6), pp.62-4. Rao, P.M. Klein, J.A., 2004. Growing importance of marketing strategies for the software industry. Industrial marketing managment, 23(1), pp.29-37. Samli, C.A., 1995. International consumer behavior: its impact on marketing strategy development. Quorum Books.

Social Determinants of Health-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Impacts of the Social Determinants of Health on Cardiovascular Disease in Older Adults. Answer: The Impacts of the Social Determinants of Health on Cardiovascular Disease in Older Adults Nearly six percent of Canadians were living with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in 2015; a disease which has a mortality rate of 194.7 deaths per 100,000 (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2017b). Older adults are one of many vulnerable populations in Canada and there are a variety of factors that make them more vulnerable. This paper will explore how social determinants of health (SDOH), specifically socioeconomic status, affects Canadian and international multicultural older adult populations with (CVD), include a SDOH model, followed by public health implications that arise as a result of this issue. We will examine why these socioeconomic status may affect this vulnerable population and explore information about CVD. For the purposes of this research, older adults are defined as individuals between the ages of 55 and 79. According to Raphael (2016), there are many factors that make senior populations more vulnerable or susceptible to higher mortality rates; those including, but are not limited to SDOH such as personal health practices/coping, education, socioeconomic status (SES), gender, and social support systems. When examining the rates of CVD in older adults a comparison will be made between those of low and high SES. SES will be measured using household income and level of education. The writers of this paper believe that older adults that have a lower level of education will have a higher rate of CVD disease due to diminished access or knowledge to support and foundations to live or obtain a better quality of lifestyle. The writers also believe that along with a lower level of education would contribute to a lower level of income, thus putting older adults in a position to not obtain a hea lthier lifestyle and higher quality of living. Cardiovascular diseases affect the heart and blood vessels and includes coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism (World Health Organization, 2017). CVD is a rampant problem for developing nations and is the number one cause of death worldwide (World Health Organization, 2017). According to the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System (CCDSS) incident rates of heart attacks in the Canadian population for age groups, 50 - 64 and 65-79 are 2.38% and 5.55%, respectively (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2017c). This is much higher than age groups 35 - 49, who were 0.61% of the population that experience heart attacks (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2017c). In the United States, 69.1% of men and 67.9% of women aged 60 - 79 suffer from some form of CVD (American Heart Association, 2016). Diseases of the heart are the lead cause of death for American women over 65 years old (American Heart Association, 2016). CVD is commonly diagnosed by a physician in regular or emergency room visits. Data is then collected through a variety of sampling methods. Specifically, the CCDSS collects data based on health insurance registry databases that are linked to physician billing and hospital databases (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2017a). Through this collection technique, errors from self-reporting are avoided. Another common information data base is the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS). A survey is provided to a cross-section of the country who then are responsible for self-reporting (Statistics Canada, 2016). When self-reporting is used for collecting information there is always a chance that respondents will be intentionally dishonest or misunderstand a question and provide the wrong answer. SES and education are SDOH that are the strongest predictors to affect CVD (Joffres et al., 2013; Winkleby et al., 1992). SES reflects spending ability, housing, diet, and medical care based on income, whereas education reflects skills for social, psychological, and economic resources (Winkleby et al., 1992). A healthy diet is essential for the prevention of CVD yet income can be a stumbling block as much of heart disease medication costs are not covered under Medicare (Gucciardi et al., 2009). Those with low income tend to lack insurance coverage that covers expensive medications such as those for CVD, which are among the most expensive within Canada (Booth et al., 2012; Campbell et al., 2012). Booth et al. (2012) found an increase in diabetes related mortality rates between those of high and low SES especially in those over the age of 65. Woodward et al. (2015) revealed that CVD is associated with lower SES. A community-based study from Turkey revealed that unhealthy diet was associated with lower SES (OR = 3.31) and lower education (OR=4.48) (Simsek et al., 2013). A lack of education can have profound effects in those with CVD. In developing countries, there is often a gap in hypertension treatment for seniors due to lack of knowledge of what hypertension is and preventative signs (Maurer Ramos, 2015). Maurer Ramos (2015) reveal that low-cost treatment options for hypertension exist and could increase awareness in seniors. Seniors of higher SES are associated with higher physical activity, greater nutritional habits and lower risk of smoking compared to those of lower SES (Campbell et al., 2012). This means that those of low SES are associated with increased use of healthcare services that have little impact on poorer health outcomes and mortality (Campbell et al., 2012). It's important to assess how determinants are measured. The studies referenced in this paper directly evaluated income, education and CVD data utilizing census reports, self-reporting data and medical records. SES was measured using household income and level of education, any additional information on education, income, and occupation was ascertained through questionnaires. For example, one study measured income using the "median household income level of an individuals neighborhood of residence on 1, April, 2002 from the 2001 Canadian Census. Neighborhoods were defined using small geographic units (dissemination areas) from Statistics Canada" (Booth et al., 2012). Woodward et al. (2015) measured education by using self-reported data, falling into one of three groups. Group one had no completed education or completed only primary school. Group two composed of people who completed secondary school; and lastly group three completed tertiary education (university or college). Booth et al. (2012) recorded "baseline CVD, acute myocardial infarction, and stroke, based on relevant diagnostic codes from hospital discharge records. Co-morbidity was captured using diagnostic codes listed in hospital records and physicians service claims from the year prior to baseline to create distinct case-mix categories based on the Johns Hopkins Adjusted Clinical Groups case-mix system." If blood pressure and cholesterol levels were used to determine CVD risk, they were obtained using standard protocols as in Woodward et al. (2015) and Winkleby et al., (1992). Specific Canadian Data The CCHS is a cross-sectional study in Canada that measures rates of different health outcomes in the country. The most recent complete survey data is from 2014. Based on the survey design, the most efficient way to access the rates of CVD was by studying those who self-reported having heart disease. Data was collected for those with heart disease and was then compared to level of education and to person income. Only the data for those aged 55 to 79 was analyzed. When studying the rates of heart disease in both older adult males and females it was noted that the highest rates were in those that had completed post-secondary education followed secondly by those who had not completed secondary education (Statistics Canada, 2016). It is likely that there are confounding factors that create the high rates of heart disease in those with the highest education level. In males, 26.7% of heart disease occurs in those with less than secondary education, 18.2% in those who had completed secondary education, and only 2.7% of those who had completed some post-secondary education (Statistics Canada, 2016). Similarly for females, 31.8% of heart disease occurs in those with less than secondary education, 22.2% in those who had completed secondary education, and only 3.0% of those who had completed some post-secondary education (Statistics Canada, 2016). This data shows that to a certain extent, an increase in education is correlated with a decrease in heart d isease. When comparing rates of heart disease to income levels it is found that those with income rates less than $20,000 to $39,999 had significantly greater rates of heart disease (Statistics Canada, 2016). For males, 23.2% of all heart disease occurs in those with less than $20,000 income and 33.6% occurs among those with $20,000 to $39,000 income (Statistics Canada, 2016). In females, 46% of all heart disease occurs in those with less than $20,000 income and 35.4% occurs among those with $20,000 to $39,000 income (Statistics Canada, 2016). In both male and female populations the rates continue to drop as income rises with rates in the final category, income greater than $80,000, at 12.3% for males and 2.8% for females (Statistics Canada, 2016). A very clear correlation can be noted between that of low income and heart disease. The Social Determinants of Health Model The social determinants of health (SDOH) model (WHO, 2010) is the conceptual model (refer to Appendix A) used to show how political, social and economic mechanisms strongly influence an individual's socioeconomic position. In addition, there are three major factors which influence an individuals health, which are: material, psychosocial and biological and behavioral factors (WHO, 2010). Material factors are things like housing, community environment, and place of employment (WHO. 2010). Psychosocial factors are ones family, friends and social networks (WHO, 2010). Lastly, biological and behavioral factors are things like lifestyle choices, genetics, nutrition, and personal health habits (WHO, 2010). All of these factors affect an older adults ability to access health care and as a result influence their risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). The SDOH model (WHO, 2010) specifically addresses the two determinants of health: income and education which are related to an increase in CVD in older adults. Both income and education fall under the category material factors because they are specifically related to financial gain and the attainment of skill/s (WHO, 2010). Income is a major determinant of health because it most directly measures material resources and also has a cumulative effect over an individuals life course as its the one socioeconomic indicator that can change the most quickly, as income varies often (Havranek et al., 2015). Studies have shown that after controlling other sociodemographic factors, there was a 40-50% decrease in mortality from CVD with increasing family income (Havranek et al., 2015). The SDOH model discusses how several factors result in low income increasing ones risk of CVD and other illnesses, for example: income inequality causes stress for those who make less money, resulting in poorer hea lth; income inequality results in fewer economic resources for poorer individuals resulting in less treatment options; income inequality results in less money to invest in better social and economic conditions leading to living in poorer neighborhoods and attending schools that are of lesser quality resulting in poorer health outcomes (WHO, 2010). Education is the second determinant of health that is linked with an increased risk of CVD in older adults and the SDOH model addresses this as well (WHO, 2010). In Canada, studies have shown a strong correlation between CVD and ones level of education, CVD morbidity and mortality rates have an increased risk when an individual has a lower level of education (Kreatsoulas, 2010). Education is a life course determinant as it begins in early childhood (influenced by ones parents) and develops along the lifespan (WHO, 2010). The knowledge and skills attained through education makes it easier to understand health messages and make informed choices regarding health and well-being throughout ones lifespan (Kreatsoulas, 2010). Overall, the SDOH model (Hosseini et al., 2017)) is able to show how the material factors of both income and education are present as social determinants of health. When income and education levels are reduced the risk of developing CVD is increased; on the contrary, when income and education levels are higher, an older adult has a lifetime decreased risk of developing CVD (Havranek et al., 2015). Public Health Implications Public Health interventions that target material factors (socioeconomic status and education) from the Social Determinant of Health Model will help to decrease CVD in older adults. Interventions that address socioeconomic status (SES) will uncover greater reasoning for gaps in policies which will help to address physical activity, nutritional habits and smoking habits (Campbell et al., 2012; Booth et al., 2012). Booth et al. (2012) suggests that interventions that address SES will uncover that older adults with lower income are unable to pay for expensive medications, especially due to lack of an insurance plans, thus policies need to address this. Canadians with lower SES tend to use more healthcare services that have little impact on CVD due to lack of income to obtain healthier lifestyle changes (Campbell et al., 2012). Research suggests that there are gaps in awareness of pre-CVD symptoms and treatment (Joffres, 2013), especially within third world countries and low- middle income households (Maurer Ramos, 2015). Low-cost treatments exist for CVD management, but many older adults are unaware of them (Maurer Ramos, 2015). Many older adults are also unaware that they are manifesting symptoms for CVD and interventions need to increase educational efforts especially within small rural communities (Maurer Ramos, 2015). Interventions that address the lack of education to include incentives for healthcare professionals to screen older adults for hypertension yearly will not only increase awareness but will also help to change unhealthy behaviour (Maurer Ramos, 2015; Campbell, 2012; Bloetzer et al., 2015). Research indicates that plans for interventions have been made to increase CVD awareness in numerous countries, but there seems to lack implementation and evaluation of programs (Maurer Ramos, 2015; Joffres et al., 2013). England is leading in public health interventions by using government organizations to promote and educate the public on the risk of salt and implementing a bonus payment initiative to general practitioners to achieve targets for hypertension care (Joffres et al., 2013). The Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) suggests that education efforts need to extend to hard to reach populations such as Indigenous communities and healthcare professionals need to be conscience of individuals who may not seem to be at risk (Campbell et al., 2012). The PHAC aso suggests that policies need to be transparent and take an upstream approach through cabinet level committees to include incentives for collaboration (Campbell et al., 2012). Finland has implemented a sodium reduction strategy in 2010 that was very effective in treating and controlling hypertension, reducing medical costs and preventing CVD disease earlier in patients (Campbell et al., 2012). Policies that create supportive environments make healthy choices easier by include reducing sodium in processed foods like Finland, restricting processed trans fats, allowing low income households to afford healthy food and creating pricing policies to restrict energy-dense foods (Campbell et al., 2012). Healthy interventions need to reflect community needs (Campbell et al., 2012). Canada has implemented healthy food procurement policies in public schools to remove soft drinks and junk food, but this could be taken a step further to implement this policy in health care facilities, workplaces, correctional institutions and military bases (Campbell et al., 2012). The United Kingdom has implemented a total ban on junk food ads during childrens programs and adult progra ms at peak watching times, which could also be implemented in Canada to help prevent CVD earlier than in senior age (Campbell et al., 2012). Alternative programs not already discussed include community-linkage systems and environmental approaches to prevent CVD. (Greenlund et al., 2012) Greenlund et al., 2012, describe successful community programs such as the, Sickness Prevention Achieved Through Regional Collaboration (SPARC) which coordinate with community partners to deliver screening and preventative healthcare such as a set of recommended immunization, cancer, and CVD screening services to older adults in places where they can be easily accessed. Environmental approaches include promoting healthy choices, availability, accessibility to information, and resources for the entire population, not just high risk groups. For example the Center for Disease Control (CDC) is working with restaurants and food manufactures to reduce the amount of sodium in processed and restaurant foods. (Greenlund et al., 2012). Historically these initiatives have been successful. In the past, government agencies and the food industry have worked together to address nutritional problems by fortifying foods with minerals and vitamins (e.g., vitamin D fortification of milk to prevent rickets, niacin fortification of flour to prevent pellagra, and folic acid fortification of flour to prevent neural tube defects). (Greenlund et al., 2012). Unfortunately these type of changes take time, lifestyle changes, and significant resources and may require government subsidies to bring about change. The 2010 Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act costing approximately $10 billion annually (Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010, n.d) is an example of a government initiative to reduce childhood obesity, a preventative strategy against obesity, CVD, diabetes and various health related problems. The act has both pros and cons and has been all but eliminated by the Trump administration. Successes of the program include, increased nutritional value, iron, calcium, vitamin A, vitamin C, and protein nutrition and decreased caloric intake, which benefited children with obesity (Cornish et al., 2016). However the program also had its critics. Students complained about poor portion sizes, bland food and a study published by the Harvard School of Public Health discovered that about 60 percent of vegetables and roughly 40 percent of fresh fruit are thr own away due to no interest. (Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010, n.d) Public health interventions are clearly beneficial for the reduced risk of CVD. It is imperative that investments are made towards health education with a focus towards individuals from lower income and socioeconomic households. Conclusion Income and social determinants have generally determined the CVD prevalence in Canada. It has been shown the CVDs prevalence in high -income economies. Also, Canadians with lower SES tend to use more healthcare services that have little impact on CVD due to lack of income to obtain healthier lifestyle change. In Canada, it is expected that CVD will still be the leading cause of death even by 2030. The CVD is a major issue in Canada since it accounts for higher number of deaths than any other illness in the country. Because of the higher magnitude of CVD in Canada, the studies are being directed towards the social determinants of health (SDH). These are the risk factors causes of causes). Thus Canada wants to control the impacts of social environment on people sharing a community as mechanism to reduce CVD prevalence. The implications of this study is that Public Health interventions that target material factors (socioeconomic status and education) from the Social Determinant of Healt h Model will help decrease CVD in older adults. The future study should focus on interventions that address socioeconomic status (SES) to uncover greater reasoning for gaps in policies. This will help address physical activity, nutritional habits and smoking habits. References American Heart Association. (2016). Statistical Fact Sheet 2016 Update: Older Americans Cardiovascular Diseases. Retrieved from https://www.heart.org/idc/groups/heart-public/@wcm/@sop/@smd/documents/downloadable/ucm_483970.pdf Havranek, E. P., Mujahid, M. S., Barr, D. A., Blair, I. V., Cohen, M. S., Cruz-Flores, S., ..Yancy, C. W. (2015). Social Determinants of Risk and Outcomes for Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation, 132(9), 873-898. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000228 Hosseini, S., Arab, M., Emamgholipour, S., Rashidian, A., Monterzari A., Zaboli, R. (2017). Conceptual Models of Social Determinants of Health: A Narrative Review. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 46(4), 435446. Kreatsoulas, C., Anand, S. S. (2010). The impact of social determinants on cardiovascular disease. The Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 26(Suppl C), 8C13C. Public Health Agency of Canada. (2017a). Canadian chronic disease surveillance system methods report abridged version for v2015 and v2016 (Dementia, Including Alzheimers Disease). Retrieved from https://infobase.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ccdss-scsmc/data-tool/Methods Public Health Agency of Canada. (2017b). The 2017 Canadian chronic disease indicators. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada Research, Policy and Practice, 37(8), 248-251. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/phac-aspc/documents/services/publications/health-promotion-chronic-disease-prevention-canada-research-policy-practice/vol-37-no-8-2017/ar-03-eng.pdf Public Health Agency of Canada. (2017c). Public health infobase: Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System (CCDSS). Retrieved from https://infobase.phac-aspc.gc.ca/CCDSS-SCSMC/data-tool/?l=engHRs=00DDLV=CDSAMIDDLM=ASIR1=M2=FDDLFrm=1999DDLTo=2012=10VIEW=2 Raphael, D. (2016). Social determinants of health: Canadian perspectives. Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press Inc. Statistics Canada. (2016). Canadian Community Health Survey Annual Component (CCHS). Retrieved from https://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurveySDDS=3226 World Health Organization (WHO) 2010. A conceptual model framework for action on the Social determinants of health. Retrieved from:https://www.who.int/social_determinants/corner/SDHDP2.pdf page 9 World Health Organization. (2017). Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/ Table 1, 2 Statistics Canada. (2016). Canadian Community Health Survey, 2014: Annual component [public-use microdata file]. Ottawa, Ontario: Statistics Canada. Health Statistics Division, Data Liberation Initiative [producer and distributor]. Retrieved From https://odesi1.scholarsportal.info.ezproxy.lakeheadu.ca/webview/index.jsp?object=http%3A%2F%2F142.150.190.11%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2Fcchs-82M0013-E-2014-Annual-componentheaders=http%3A%2F%2F142.150.190.11%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2Fcchs-82M0013-E-2014-Annual-component_V100 Table 3, 4 Statistics Canada. (2016). Canadian Community Health Survey, 2014: Annual component [public-use microdata file]. Ottawa, Ontario: Statistics Canada. Health Statistics Division, Data Liberation Initiative [producer and distributor]. Retrieved From https://odesi1.scholarsportal.info.ezproxy.lakeheadu.ca/webview/index.jsp?object=http%3A%2F%2F142.150.190.11%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2Fcchs-82M0013-E-2014-Annual-componentheaders=http%3A%2F%2F142.150.190.11%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2Fcchs-82M0013-E-2014-Annual-component_V100

Manatees Essay Example For Students

Manatees Essay Quietly, but swiftly, the plump, dark animal glided across the waterwhile making sounds comparable to that of the squeaks and squeals of a whale(Florida Manatee 1). Some would say these aquatic mammals are the ugliestthing below the surface, others would say that these animals are beautiful andresemble portly mermaids, but no matter what anybody says about the manatees,they are unique creatures (Ray and Ciampi 315). They are mammals that arecompletely harmless, they feed mostly on sea grass and sometimes smallunderwater creatures like shrimp (Berrill 212). It is a shame for thesecreatures to be on the endangered species list. Looking at the physical aspect, these animals are incredibly uncommon,and like no other creature on earth. These majestic beasts can float across thewater amazingly fast for its size (Florida Manatee 1). They can weigh up to aton, and get as long as fifteen feet. They are almost devoid of hair, except forsome whiskers on their face, and they have internal ears on the sides of theirhead. Their nostrils are closed by valves, so they can accomplish such feats asflips and quick turns without losing any air. Manatees have no hind legs, butinstead one big, flat, spatula-like tail (Sentman 327). This feature made peopleconfuse manatees with mermaids for nearly four centuries (OShea 66). Many biologists say that manatees possibly originated or evolved fromungulates such as elephants and cows because of the way that they are built, andcertain features that they have in common. Like elephants, manatees have thepeculiar half-moon shaped fingernails, and thick, wrinkled skin. Manatees alsoshares some traits with cows. The way the manatees spend all day lazily grazingon the ocean floor is incredibly similar to the behavior of cows at a pasture(Breeden 58). Manatees eat an outrageous amount of food, they consume approximatelyten percent of their body weight daily. The large quantities that the manateeseat is another one of its unique qualities (Florida Manatee 1). People use themanatees as natural underwater lawn mowers, setting them free in lakes thathave too much sea grass or plants. The manatees consequently eat up thevegetation, which frees up space to allow other wildlife to inhabit the lake. Manatees are also used to clear up canals and irrigation rivers that are cloggedwith an extreme amount of aquatic plants (Manatee Facts 1). The large diet canalso be a disadvantage. With the amount of vegetation in manatee habitatsdecreasing tremendously, the manatees are in danger of starving to extinction. The underwater plants do not survive because of mans harmful deeds such aspollution, erosion caused by deforestation, and draining wetlands for thebuilding of coastal homes. Since the 1970s, in Tampa Bay alone, eighty percentof sea-grass beds have vanished due to these causes (OShea 68). Manatees can also be silly and clumsy at times, they have very badeyesight and do not have the attribute of sonar or echo location that someunderwater mammals have. This causes them to occasionally bump into largeunderwater rocks and other submerged objects. The poor navigational abilities ofthe manatee is an obvious disadvantage. A fast oncoming boat may not be seen bya manatee until it is too late (Manatee Facts 1). Manatees are mainly solitary animals, they graze alone and do not travelin groups. Although sometimes, manatees may be seen in temporary groups in whichthey will socialize, and leave at anytime. They communicate mostly using faintwhistles and squeaks, but some biologists speculate that they use scent marks tomark their location like some land mammals. Newborn manatees will also stay withtheir mother for at least a year, and will recognize her for the rest of itslife. If needed, nursing females will adopt a manatee calf that is not its own(OShea 70). This type of social behavior shows that manatees are extremelypeaceful, and very friendly. The Jataka EssayNot considering humans, manatees have almost no natural predators, butsometimes manatees may be killed by what they eat. Manatees consume a wide rangeof aquatic plants, including algae, which may contain brevetoxin. Brevetoxin isa bacteria that kills many aquatic animals including fish, and apparentlymanatees. Brevetoxin is usually found in a type of reddish-brown algae calledthe red tide. Last July, the bacteria alone killed 304 manatees creating a newofficial record for most manatees killed in a year (Toxin Killed Manatees A18). Aside from Brevetoxin, the manatees only natural predator is its unawareness,they sometimes drift too far north, and get killed by the cold sea water. Thisis a problem that whales and other large sea mammals also have to face. (OShea68)Having been studied seriously only since the mid 1900s, manatees are afairly new creature in the science community. This is probably because thatmanatees are very timid creatures which makes them hard to analyze. Still, notmuch is known about the manatees to this present day. We do not know basicfundamental facts such as where they go in the warmer climates, exactly how longthey live, and most importantly, precisely how many manatees are in existencetoday (Breeden 58). The lack of knowledge does not mean that steps are not beingtaken to study these animals. Recently, researchers attached satellitetransmitters to the manatee so that scientists can study their movement, andspeed. They have learned many new things from this study, such as that they cantra vel up to fifty kilometers a day, and go back to a designated location everyseason. Further developments in manatee research will help in preventing theaccidental death of many of these animals. The research that scientists havelearned from the transmitters will help in regulating boat speeds in certainareas to avoid the propeller deaths of many manatees, thus decreasing the deathtoll. The research will also designate specialized places to guard manatees,these areas will be watched very carefully by the US Fish and Wildlife Service(OShea 71). Scientists have no clue as to the manatee population before thecommercialized hunting of the 1900s, therefore, people do not know how large animpact man has made on the manatees. Even without the statistics, or the exactnumbers of manatees killed by humans in the past, we still know that man hascaused most of these deaths (Breeden 58). Whether it be by hunting, oraccidental incidents, man is the manatees worst enemy. To the average person,manatees may not seem important but they are essential to many living things,including humans. Manatees have ch Category: Social Issues