Effects of Industrialization on Artist Essay Example for Free

Effects of Industrialization on Artist Essay The countries of the world have largely embraced the goal of industrialization which explains the reason why there is the label of developing and developed countries. The implications of the 19TH century has put the developed western world as the model of industrialization on the planet (Masten, 2008). The face of industrialization affected a number of fields in the scientific attempt to improve the economies and subsequently, raise the overall standards of living . Art was one of the disciplines that benefited from the effects of industrialization, and it came as a hope for many artists around the world (Locker, 1999). This paper therefore attempts to compare and contrast whether the rise changed the modern world leaving the natural world as the sole object of fascination to artists. Industrialization as a process sought to promote social and economic changes with the human societies transforming from pre industrial to industrial(Davis,2000). It saw the wider apart of modernization leading to overall social changes and economic developments mostly related to technological advancement. More cities were development following the rise modernity, as a result of large scale metallurgy and energy production (Basye and Holt, 2000). Philosophical changes also marked the emergence of industrialization leaving people in the western world with a more yearning to obtain different attitudes towards nature and artistic orientation (Novello, 2000). Accordingly, there is substantial research on the prevailing effects of industrialization on modernization and enterprise development . Artists have got an opportunity of expanding their careers following the expansion of commerce and the prevalence of skills that helps them in the exploitation of the abundant natural resources (Shields, 2006). This somehow happens at a relatively low cost, adaptability of labor and continual supply of their products to a wide range of market (Plaura, 2001). The radical changes in the 19th century involve the production of the electric power: an element that is succinctly fundamental to the continuous growth of economy as well as advancing the skills required for a particular job (Basye and Holt, 2000). In a survey done in some countries in Africa, middle East and Latin America, it was found out that there is relative open trading systems that can stimulate industrial innovation and cost efficiency across the board, leading to the readily available markets and free and flexible labor (Novello, 2000). As a result, positive work ethics mixed with skills, effectively used scientific discoveries and technological in boosting the production and subsequent increase in income levels. It is true that a number of major cities in the western world were widely modernized bringing about the effects of urbanization. To serve this house working populations, urbanization facilitated the concentration of labor (Davis, 2000). Artists therefore found themselves without splendid natural resources for them to exploit because of the population upsurge in cities. Consequently, they resorted to the natural worlds which had hitherto not felt the effects of industrialization for their resources (Masten, 2008). Another impact that followed industrialization was change in family structures and effects on the environment. Environmental stressors such as noise, water pollution, impersonal lifestyles and a myriad of health problems set into play (Locker, 1999). Many artists in the present world continue to grow in terms of their careers simply because, they have been able to advance all their artistic orientations (Shields, 2006). Prior to the 19th century, many paintings in America often dealt with the serene landscapes, idealized craftspeople and a host of other people. However, after the effects of industrialization had taken place, the whole scope of photographs and painting changed. Art was basically the reaction to the social and industrial conditions that prevailed (Masten, 2008). Later on, artists was obliged to create art for two audiences. Generally, artists of this important period in the history of mankind avoided painting many scenes portraying the new outfit of modernization and as such, this did not imply that they failed to create an art about the industry. Moreover, the deep enjoyment of art became the pastime for both the upper and middle class people (Davis, 2000). These were the people who essentially, preferred not to clutch over the hard work that may have been done by the lower class, let alone hanging any artistic socials commentary on their walls. Instead there was mere need for a picturesque that portrayed a neutral political landscape (Plaura, 2001). According to (Basye and Holt, 2000), several literatures enabled artists to access a medium where many of their engravings were published but the controversy that followed saw many middle class people opposing the view of the artists and eventually disapproving their works. Irrespective of the upper and middle class reaction against the artistic package of social commentary, many artists continued experiencing the strong urge for expressing themselves through art (Locker, 2000). They then resorted to the natural world where they found a lot of fascination for their works because of two major reasons. Depending on the specific needs of a particular artist, the natural word provided an avenue for artists to explore a host of untapped resources or aptly, got a ready and uncritical audience for their art (Masten, 2008). This basically strengthened their ambitions leading to affair ground for art. For instance, majority of the artistic collections portrayed the hard work of ordinary rural folks giving hem the urge to continue doing even better in their pursuit for economic survival. With this regard, several portraits were painted. They involved persons sewing a dress or a blacksmith hammering a horseshoe. particulrtly, such portraits depicted a blacksmith as possibly the man in charge of an enterprise. It showed a young man in the back, presumably an apprentice or the blacksmith’s assistant. Both were posed with their tools, with drops of sweat other cheeks seemingly proud of their trade. A factor like this one often encourage the general population because, despite the conditions for working being harsh, the portrait depicts clean, bearable and inviting scenario that give the people enthusiasm and pride altogether (Novello, 2000). In addition, the views of American urban life as well as industrialization were manifested through the channel of photography. Using a succinct comparison of the rural life, city life was pictured using sky crappers mushrooming everywhere (Shields, 2006). In this scenario, a chaotic combination of people and carriages filled the city street eliciting a feeling that city life is eventually becoming more foreboding for life and work hence, underscoring the importance of rich environmental conditions found in the rural life. Overly, the dawn of industrialization saw a marked reduction of human working conditions to unacceptable level. Active artists and photographers aligned to politics used art to comment on the industrial progress to their audience. However, there was stiff competition that forced some artists not to make enough fortune or just find a satisfactory audience for their works. They were therefore attracted to move to the rural world, where they got audience and commercial benefits for their activities. Somehow, they used the modern mechanized age to obtain a source of creativity which is paramount to the work of art. Without a creatively compelling work, their will be audience to stand all sorts of unattractive, and redundancy even if your work has the very best of the message (Plaura, 2001). There is a general history of artist getting more fascinated to the natural world. With the advent of industrialization, many artistic movements sprang up each with a unique reaction to the feeling of the movement it took after and time (Davis, 2000). Neoclassic which had taken lead form the Greek and Roman art, paved way for a more parallel period called romanticism. At this level, many artists became more imaginative with the rise of individualism, emotional intensity, and freedom describing the underlying the perceptual shift from the modern life to getting oriented to the natural world (Masten, 2008). Realism which followed brought about the realist artists who created artistic works that captured objectives and figures as they appear in real life. Artists found the natural world more ideal in portraying truthful visions of everyday life; an idea tat was much welcome to rural folks that the modern ones (Novello, 2006). Many artists felt the need to explore their relationship with nature by traveling through a wilderness. But because urban life had less or no fascinating wilderness, artists resorted for the rural world and found it more fascinating in delivering the exploration objective through a natural world (Plaura, 2001). For example, Mark Catesby, as English artist moved to the rural Northern America and found that it was the most true immersion into the American seaboard and other areas still unexploited and unknown to many Americans. He began photographing and drawing natural and social sceneries that had not suffered any natural disintegration, and hence, his works attracted a large scale audience (Shields, 2006). Another artist and explorer, Karl Bodmer, is a testament to the reason moving to natural world. he says that the most fascinating factor in the so regarded lost world is the boundless enthusiasm that artists get when they venture into worlds unknown to many, because there seem to be abundant opportunity and astonishment in those lands (Locker, 1999). The overall benefit is the reminder these places give in acknowledging that at some point, they had stopped at the crossroad of horrible, natural and sacred phenomena. They somewhat develop a relationship with the earth, facilitated by the nature, culture and their sense of fulfillment (Davis, 2000). Furthermore, the natural world is more attracting to artists because; it provides the ground that satisfy the curiosity and creativity of many artists. At the heart of every artistic symbol lies the expression of meaning. Artists tend to search for lager meaning in small aspects of life (Basye and Holt, 2000). According to the documentations in archives, the significance of artistic history is logged in the fissure between wilderness and civilization and this point out the primary focus of artists on rural worlds. Notwithstanding, rural world represents culture and nature and how it is reconciled with the modernization. Therefore, the imaginative role of art pulls out the existing radiance in capturing double meaning encased in the metaphors. When they finally take their products to urban setups, they somehow manage to prompt the city residents into the world of imagination embedded in the images formed in their minds as a resulted art (Masten, 2008). Moreover, artists use the natural worlds to find sources that subsequently define the unique artistic identities. This is clearly captured in the sentiments of a German poet, Rainer Maria. He believes that as a primary condition for writing a captivating verse, it is imperative that they see a myriad of cities, nature, men and several other things. Accordingly it is perquisite that one should know different flights of birds, animals, not forgetting gestures that flowers make especially when they open and close. The fundamental role of all this condition is to portray the accounts as creative as possible with the unique ability to come up with the work of art that suits in the context of everyday life. The only available source of the adventure is the natural world that is least affected by industrialization (Novello, 2000). Similarly, there is more attraction to the natural world. Artists think that by going there they provide a link between city life and rural life. All the opportunities of industrialization are made open to village folks giving them a chance to keep a breast with what is happening across the world (Plaura, 2001). For example, there was a painting in rural Indiana which showed an angel looking as though he is about to walk away from something he is acutely contemplating. It depicted the angel staring with his mouth wide open and the wings flung spread. This is the way artists presents issues in varying worlds and the serenity found in natural world promotes the efficient delivery of the message (Shields, 2006). The painting reinforces the religious teaching that God watches over us and somehow, strengthens the spirituality; an aspect that is under the threat of industrialization. Conclusion From the foregoing discussion, it is evident that the dawn of industrialization in the 19th century was accompanied by the sharp shift in the economical, social and ideological differences that paved way for new lifestyles. Individualism, which became rife as a result of urbanization, left artist with a host of intellectual orientation in terms of creativity. It is evident that the market for their art products got strained obliging them to get attracted to the rural world that had hitherto not adversely suffered from the effects of industrialization. Bibliography Basye, E and Holt, G 2000. Art and Architecture: The Advent of Industrialization, Yales, Yales University Press. Davis, A. 2000. A Social History of Graphic Art and Works Industry. New York, McGill-Queens Press. Locker, N. 1999. Science and Nature: An International Journal of Science. Vol. 23 Issues 56, London, Macmillan Publishers. Masten, A. 2008. Artwork in the Nineteenth Century. Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania University Press Novello, A. 2000. The Face of Art in the Nineteenth Century. London, Prentice Plaura, N. 2001. Art and Nature: Interelationship, Oxford, Oxford University Press Shields, S. 2006. Artists at the Continents End: The Peninsula Art Colony. Michigan, Routledge

The Perfect Storm Film Essay Example for Free

The Perfect Storm Film Essay My favorite part of The Perfect Storm actually happens when Bobby Shatford, and Albert Pierre have a bad premonition and decide not to go on the trip. Knowing they are right adds to the suspense of the situation. This part of the book is the most unbelievable though because the trip is their job, it seems like they would go. The most believable part was how the storm is described. It might seem unrealistic but I think it is tame to what can happen in the ocean. There are all kinds of dangers in the ocean. Over all I do not like the suffering of the people on the boat and also the later suffering of the people of the town. While I did not like the suffering my favorite character was in fact the storm, the storm represented so much such as nature herself, the unbeatable opponent, etc. The storm was the most crucial character in the book. The ending was all right but not what I expected. I had thought the book would be a lot different starting with some guys going to sea then going through a storm and either ending in the storm or shortly after but a lot of info was given about fishing, and the ending went farther then I expected. The title fits the book because during the book you are told about the past and how bad the sea can be and then this storm happens that could happen at any time now or when people first began fishing in Glouster and it is as nasty a storm as you can imagine. A major theme of the book was man vs. nature.

How the Houses in Thrushcross Grange and Wuthering Heights Compare :: Emily Bronte Literature Essays

How the Houses in Thrushcross Grange and Wuthering Heights Compare Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange are two exact opposites separated by the neutral territory of the moors, a dreamlike place thought of as heaven by Heathcliff and Catherine. Although both estates are wealthy, there is a definite difference in class between them and this bears greatly on the characters from both estates ability to socialise with each other. The two different buildings have their own strengths and weaknesses and the characters reflect their features. On the one hand there is Wuthering Heights with its stark and intimidating appearance but strong magnetism representing savagery and Thrushcross grange with its refinement and pleasant appearance representing civility. Wuthering heights has the characteristics of being a very strong, prominent structure and is described by Mr Lockwood as being a misanthropists heaven. It is a very desolate and lonely place up on a hill exposed to stormy weather with no real beauty and can be seen as an uncivilised place to live. Thrushcross Grange is a very classy, civilised estate and living in a place like this would bring a lot of status with it. It is quite a sheltered place down in the valley and this is something that is common with its children - they tend to be sheltered and spoilt. Thrushcross grange is comfortable and decorative whereas Wuthering Heights is basic and down to earth. Whilst Wuthering Heights has great power in its commanding position up on the hill, it will never be in the same class as the Grange. The features of the estates have a strong association with the people who live in them in terms of mood, emotion and appearance. Heathcliff is a very dark and stormy character of Gypsy blood and is the person who has the greatest association with Wuthering Heights. Mr Earnshaw who found him alone and starving introduced him to the place as a child where he grew up with Catherine and Hindley as an interloper. In adulthood he becomes more and more antisocial and puts up a stone barrier when it comes to showing his emotions. He and the building suit each other as though they were one and the same because whilst he displays all the strength and pride of the Heights, he also has the roughness. Isabella is Edgar Linton's sister and although being a pleasant, well-educated person has the soft and civilised traits of Thrushcross Grange. Heathcliff marries her as a way of revenge against Cathy and Edgar and as part of his overall plan to own both estates. Not realising Heathcliffs intentions she is taken in by his magnetism and strength but is too soft a character to stand up to his might and

Feeding the Ghost Essay -- essays papers

Feeding the Ghost WE ARE BETTER The novel Feeding the Ghosts, by Fred D'Aguiar, exploits the terrible conditions black people were put through while being transported from Africa to the Americas. It examines the thought process of the captain, the crew, the captives, and the legal system of England. D'Aguiar clearly illustrates the hell that was forced upon the blacks and how even the highest court system of the time saw nothing wrong with it. The whites were the ones who made the laws; the laws were meant to protect the whites. The high court had laws in place about proper procedures on these voyages, but the law wasn't meant to protect the blacks, or stock as they were referred to, just the well being of the white people involved. The common conception is that a courtroom is where the truth comes out and justice will be served. It is a safe haven for the innocent and a prison for the guilty. But when the hearing of the investors of the Zong vs. the insurers starts, Lord Mansfield states, "As you know, gentlemen, this is not a criminal trial. It is a hearing". No, this would never be a criminal trial. It wasn't illegal to murder black slaves if there was good enough reason. Blacks didn't have human rights like the whites did. Laws weren't created to protect the black man; they were there for the well being of the white person. Anyways, the black person was stock in the eyes of the law so the treatment of stock was the question at hand. "Which law did the captain break? None according to English statutes. What is being disputed here? Whether his actions were within the law that describes the treatment of slave stock." (p. 171) Whites made the laws, whites enforced them, whites benefited from them. ... ...mmunication there is still an underlying prejudice against the black person. Things haven't changed enough to say we are equal. Time is the main component in changing this. Something that has been rooted in white backgrounds and common laws for hundreds of years doesn't change in a few decades. Here at UW-La Crosse students are required to take a minority studies class and similar programs are underway at other colleges. Education is the first step to closing the gap. The second step is changing how one perceives another who is different from them. Will the world ever be able to do away with prejudice? Or is prejudice something that is like second nature. Everyone is entitled to their own thoughts, so wouldn't that entitle everyone to having a prejudice? Bibliography D'Aguiar, Fred. Feeding The Ghosts. A Novel. New York: The Ecco Press, HarperCollins, 1997.

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Title: Music Assignment Name: Shaila Sharmin ID: 1221771 Course ID: MUS 101 Course Instractor: Nazir Ahmed Section: 01 Date: 14. 03. 2013 Music is very important part for a human being. It refresh humans mind. After hard working all day people want to be relax. For such kind of relaxation music is the best way. Now I want to tell you about music and why it is important to study music; such as how music establish, where from it, why music becomes very popular to people over the world and what types of instruments are need to play a beautiful music and also the types of music.Music is found in every known culture, past and present. Varing widely between times and places since all people of the world, including the most isolated tribal groups have a form of music. Dictionaries and encyclopedias define music as â€Å"an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner. † It is also defined as â€Å"any pleasin g and harmonious sound† and â€Å"the sounds produced by singers or musical instruments. † Early Music: The history of music is very interesting. At first Bengali language is come from kolmunda & showtal.Bangle means Shanskrit or Indo European language. Bengali music was found in early period of time 9 to 18th century A. D. Then it spread out over the world. Language——–Charya Geeti—Composer -Musical tone—Geeta Govinda—Expression & its Aesthetics -Expression —-Perception -Religion Charya song is the earliest song in Bengle. Shidha Charya was the first Bangla music composed by a Buddist. Joy dev was the founder of Geeta Govinda. Geeta Govinda is the dhrupod type melody. It has different types of expressions. Such as rag-ragini. Joydev divided 24 songs in 12 kantos.After Geeta Govinda Bodu Chandidas was founded by Sree krisno kirton. Pandit Hara Prasad sastre invented more than 49 to 50 composer,they called liquipa. These co mposer was related to Dhanjog, Karmajog & ganjog. Medieval Music Time line: In the middle age people believe in religious among the Bengali people, Hindu religious and Buddist religious. Southern and Northern musical instruments were found in the middle age. Music during the middle ages is characterized by the beginning of musical notation as well as polyphony. During this time ,there were two general types of music styles, the monophonic and the polyphonic.During this period, there were several composers and musicians who largly contributed to how music evolved. 20th century Music: Music during the 20th century bought about many innovations on how music was performed and appreciated. Artists were more willingly to experiment on new music forms and used technology to enhance their compositions. Types of Music: Music is an art form that uses sound as medium in time and space. The basic elements of music, rhythm, dynamics and sound properties are color and intensity. Music through his tory had tried to define a number of theorists, philosophers, composers and musicians themselves.The very word music derives from the Greek word mousike, which is derived from the word mouse, and   people around the world know that as a Latin form of the word music. Music and sound can make human voice or instrument which can cause emotional experience. Music reaches far into the past and during this time they develop different styles and genres of music, which is still listening. All styles and genres of music, one thing is common, and that is to make people happy. Today, music has increasingly spreading and people can’t live without music. On this website you can find out what music actually is, its history and its styles and genres.There a lot of different types of music from all over the world. The best-known types of music are: 1. Bengali music 2. Classical music 3. Folk music 4. Indian music a) Southern system & b) Northern system 5. Rock music 6. Western music 7. Lat in music 8. Country music 9. Jazz music 10. Pop music 11. Metal music 12. Electronic music 13. R & B music and so on. Instruments of Music: A  musical instrument  is a device created or adapted to musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces  sound  can be a musical instrument, it is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument.The history of musical instruments dates back to the beginnings of human culture. The purpose of early musical instruments was ritual. Cultures later developed the processes of composing and performing  melodies  for entertainment. Musical instruments evolved in step with changing applications. The date and origin of the first device considered a musical instrument is disputed. However, most historians believe that determining a specific time of musical instrument invention is impossible due to the subjectivity of the definition and the relative instability of materials that were used in their construction.Many early musi cal instruments were made from animal skins, bone, wood, and other non-durable materials. Musical instruments developed independently in many populated regions of the world The classification of musical instruments is a discipline in its own right, and many systems of classification have been used over the years. One may classify musical instruments by their effective range or their material composition; There are different types of instruments used in music. These are: 1. Flute 2. Keyboard 3. Tabla 4. Harmony 5. Piano 6. Guitar 7. Setara 8.Bina 9. Tuba 10. Trumpet and so on. Prestigious person in music life: In the early music some person put a significance on music . Rabindranath Tagore was such kind of person. He (1861-1941) was the youngest son of Debendranath Tagore, a leader of the Brahmo Samaj, which was a new religious sect in nineteenth-century Bengal and which attempted a revival of the ultimate monistic basis of Hinduism as laid down in the Upanishads.. He was educated at home; and although at seventeen he was sent to England for formal schooling, he did not finish his studies there.He converted his Bengali poet into English. Though he was not so good in English language but he did it for his own satisfaction. About the weakness of his English he told his sister-in-law that he had no knowledge about English. In his mature years, in addition to his many-sided literary activities, he managed the family estates, a project which brought him into close touch with common humanity and increased his interest in social reforms. He also started an experimental school at Shantiniketan where he tried his Upanishadic ideals of education.From time to time he participated in the Indian nationalist movement, though in his own non-sentimental and visionary way; and Gandhi, the political father of modern India, was his devoted friend. Tagore was knighted by the ruling British Government in 1915, but within a few years he resigned the honour as a protest against Briti sh policies in India. Tagore had early success as a writer in his native Bengal. With his translations of some of his poems he became rapidly known in the West.In fact his fame attained a luminous height, taking him across continents on lecture tours and tours of friendship. For the world he became the voice of India's spiritual heritage; and for India, especially for Bengal, he became a great living institution. Although Tagore wrote successfully in all literary genres, he was first of all a poet. Among his fifty and odd volumes of poetry are  Manasi  (1890) [The Ideal One],  Sonar Tari  (1894) (The Golden Boat),  Gitanjali  (1910) (Song Offerings),  Gitimalya  (1914) [Wreath of Songs], and Balaka  (1916) (The Flight of Cranes).The English renderings of his poetry, which include  The Gardener  (1913),  Fruit-Gathering  (1916), and  The Fugitive  (1921), do not generally correspond to particular volumes in the original Bengali; and in spite of its title ,  Gitanjali: Song Offerings(1912), the most acclaimed of them, contains poems from other works besides its namesake. He won the Nobel prize on his creativity (Gitanjali) at 1913. His life style was so simple. He wrote different types of poets, so many songs, drama etc. The Bengali nation is proud for him for such creativity.The importance of music: Music participation provides a unique opportunity for literacy preparation. Whether the children are singing, playing, or listening, teachers direct them to listen and hear in new ways which exercises their aural discrimination. Playing instruments and adding movement to the lessons teaches children about sequential learning which is essential in reading comprehension. Music is academic. For some people, this is the primary reason for providing music lessons to their children. A recent study from the University of California found that music trains the brain for higher forms of thinking.Second graders who were given music lessons score d 27% higher on proportional math and fractions tests than children who received no special instruction. Research indicates that musical training permanently wires a young mind for enhanced performance. Music is physical. Music can be described as a sport. Learning to sing and keep rhythm develops coordination. The air and wind power necessary to blow a flute, trumpet or saxophone promotes a healthy body. Music is emotional. Music is an art form. We are emotional beings and every child requires an artistic outlet. Music may be your child’s vehicle of expression. Music is for life.Most people can’t play soccer, or football at 70 or 80 years of age but they can sing. And they can play piano or some other instrument. Music is a gift you can give your child that will last their entire lives. Every person should take the course of music appreciation. Because it helps people to gain their knowledge and also people can relax from mental or other types of distress   Recent r esearch has found that music uses both sides of the brain, a fact that makes it valuable in all areas of development. Music affects the growth of a child’s brain academically, emotionally, physically and spiritually.. So people have to know about music.

Life Cycle of Stars

Stars are just as mortal as us, they also born and they die too, after weaving a long span of electromagnetic spectrum with waves like radio waves, microwaves, or ultraviolet waves, besides emitting light. The humans witness this fascinating life of stars from a safe distance and even enjoy a frugal part of it by watching VIBGYOR here and there! Hues as Clues Each group of waves has its own wavelength, and thus different amount of energy, though all of them travel at the speed of light. It is this uniqueness of the each group of waves provide the clue regarding the present state of a star, from which the astronomers work out its past and future alongside its possible impact on the universe. A Comic Breather While astronomy remains a serious and ever challenging subject, the scientists don't miss the scope to entertain them by churning amusing titles for serious jobs. As for example, if someone hears an astronomer saying, â€Å"Oh be a fine girl! Kiss me!†, one should not be perturbed with any misconception about the nature of that astronomer. Because, â€Å"Oh be a fine girl, kiss me† is just a mnemonic created by the letters denoting the classification of the stars (O, B, A, F, G, K, M). These seven letters distinguish the stars into seven major categories by evaluating their spectra (ordered array of the waves) and temperature. However, the Hertzsprung -Russell (H-R) Diagram, essentially a graph, divides the stars into three very different types after considering the color of a star (spectral type or its surface temperature) against its luminosity (its natural brightness, or absolute magnitude). These three groups are known as ‘Main Sequence Stars', ‘Supergiants' and ‘White Dwarf' (Neutron stars, or Black Holes). The Journey Scientists estimate that the Universe was born 15000 million years ago, by virtue of a colossal explosion, which has been named as ‘Big Bang'. It was that explosion which had created energy, space, time and matter. It was very shortly after the explosion, atomic particles got together to form the gases like helium and hydrogen, which then went on to create the galaxies, stars and the Universe over millions of years and still they are at it. Thus the process that was started with expansion and change is still goes on. The astronomers have estimated the estimated timeline of the events till now and it goes like below: 1000 million years after the Big Bang : The matters started coming together. 3000 million years after the above: Galaxies began to form, the quasars came into being a little later, which are the forerunner of galaxies, evolves further through another 5000 million years, before our galaxy, the Milky way formed into a shape of disc! Our galaxy is a member of a community of 100,000 million galaxies. Thus the celestial hierarchy looks like below: Big Bang to Nebula; Nebula to Protostar; Protostar to Tauri type star Further consolidation of T.Tauri star leads to the Main Sequence star, which after the increase in its luminosity turns as Red Giant star. Red Giant star turns Cepheid star, which gradually turns White/Black Dwarf, before becoming a Black Hole. This estimation through Big Bang theory is still accepted in the astronomy world. However, it is still difficult to ascertain the exact nature of the events or to specifically deny any missing event that might have taken place somewhere in the middle. Characteristics Giant Nuclear Reactors A tremendous atomic collision takes place in the center of the stars, which rip apart the atoms and alter their structure, in the process of which, they release an enormous amount of energy. This makes them hot and bright. Nuclear fusion at their core generates the power in them, mostly by converting hydrogen into helium. In spite of this constant process, stars have a steady period during their life span, when they transform hydrogen into helium. When they run out of hydrogen, they enter their last phase of life. Then the formed helium in them transforms into larger elements like carbon, oxygen or neon. After the formation of the nebula, known as the ‘cosmic placenta', stars are born in groups within a galaxy, which is then called ‘stellar nursery'. Most of them break up, while the rest are kept together by gravity. The rest of a star's life depends on how big it is, but in opposite way – the bigger it is in size, the quicker it spends its stock of hydrogen fuel and thus dies earlier after a stormy life. Some even explode due to its massive size. However, most of the stars, like our own Sun, manage to maintain a stable life when they shine steadily. Luminosity The luminosity of a star helps to estimate the amount of energy it radiates. It varies with its surface temperature and with its radius, where the stars with higher surface temperature, like the ‘Blue Giants', generates higher luminosity than the ‘Red Giants', which are relatively colder. The observed brightness of a star is dependent on the factors like emission, intensity and distance. Long life span Most stars spend their life by fusing hydrogen into helium, so is the case of our sun, which has been doing it for some five billion years, and is expected to continue doing it for another five billion or so years. This hydrogen burning starts from the very center of the star, and moves its way out, leaving a core of helium behind. The Last Days With age, the stars expand. Their cores gradually run out of hydrogen and then helium, expanding the core contacts and the outer layers, which become cool and loose its brightness. This is the last stage of the stars, before meeting the death according to their size: Sun-like Stars (under 1.5 times the mass of Sun) –> Red Giant –> Planetary Nebula –>White Dwarf –> Black Dwarf ; Huge Stars (between 1.5 to 3 times the mass of Sun) –> Red SuperGiant –> Supernova –> Neutron Star; Giant Stars (over 3 times the mass of Sun) –> Red SuperGiant –> Supernova –> Black Hole. Conclusion The life cycle of stars resembles everyday recycling process in our lives: certain components (gases) are gathered and then, with the help of a catalyst (gravitational force), those components become bound into cohesion   to give birth to a new material (star), all to worn out, before regrouping again under the same influences. Ends REFERENCES Stars (2003). 3 Nov, 2007. http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/stars.php Space (1993).   Universe (pp. 273-284). London, Great Britain: Dorling Kindersley.      

How to Identify the American Beech

A beech commonly refers to trees of the genus Fagus  that are named for a god of the beech trees recorded in Celtic mythology, especially in Gaul and the Pyrenees. Fagus is a member of the larger family named  Fagaceae which also includes the Castanea chestnuts, the Chrysolepis chinkapins and the numerous and grand Quercus oaks. There are  10  separate beech species native to temperate Europe and North America. The American beech (Fagus grandifolia) is the only species of beech tree native to North America but one of the most common. Before the glacial period, beech trees flourished over most of North America. The American beech is now confined to the eastern United States. The slow-growing beech tree is a common, deciduous tree that reaches its greatest size in the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys and may attain ages of 300 to 400 years. They typically reach heights of 50 feet to 80 feet. North Americas native beech is found in the east within an area from Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia and  Maine. The range stretches through southern Quebec, southern Ontario, northern Michigan, and has a western northern limit in eastern Wisconsin. The range then turns south through southern Illinois, southeastern Missouri, northwestern Arkansas, southeastern Oklahoma, and eastern Texas and turns east to northern Florida and northeast to southeastern South Carolina. A variety also exists in the mountains of northeastern Mexico. Identification American beech is a good looking tree with tight, smooth and skin-like light gray bark. Beech trees are often seen in parks, on campuses, in cemeteries and larger landscapes, usually as an isolated specimen. Beech tree bark has suffered the carvers knife through the ages. From Virgil to Daniel Boone, men have marked territory and carved the trees bark with their initials. Ed Reschke / Getty Images The leaves of beech trees are alternate with entire or sparsely toothed leaf margins with straight parallel veins and on short stalks. The flowers are small and single-sexed (monoecious) and the female flowers are borne in pairs. The male flowers are borne on globose heads hanging from a slender stalk, produced in spring shortly after the new leaves appear. Leaves and fruit from American Beech tree. Matthew Ward / Getty Images The beechnut fruit is a small, sharply three-angled nut, borne singly or in pairs in soft-spined husks known as cupules. The nuts are edible, though bitter with a high tannin content, and are called beech mast which is edible and a favorite wildlife food. The slender buds on twigs are long and scaly and a good identification marker. Dormant Identification Often confused with birch, hophornbeam, and ironwood, American beech  has long narrow scaled buds (vs. short scaled buds on birch.) The bark is gray and smooth and has no catkins. There are often root suckers that surround old trees and these older trees have human-looking roots. American beech is most often found on moist slopes, in ravines, and atop moist hammocks. The tree loves loamy soils but will also thrive in clay. It will grow on elevations up to 3,300 feet and will often be in groves in a mature forest. Best Tips Used to Identify American Beech The bark is uniquely gray and very smooth.The leaves are dark green with ovate to elliptic  with a pointed tip.The side leaf veins off the midrib are always parallel to each other.Each of these side veins will  have a distinctive point. Other North American Hardwoods ash:  Genus  Fraxinus  basswood:  Genus Tilia  birch:  Genus  Betula  black cherry:  Genus  Prunus  black walnut/butternut:  Genus  Juglans  cottonwood:  Genus  Populus  elm: Genus  Ulmus  hackberry:  Genus  Celtis  hickory:  Genus  Carya  holly:  Genus  IIex  locust: Genus  Robinia  and  Gleditsia  magnolia:  Genus  Magnolia  maple:  Genus  Acer  oak:  Genus  Quercus  poplar:  Genus  Populus  red alder:  Genus  Alnus  royal paulownia:  Genus  Paulownia  sassafras:  Genus  Sassafras  sweetgum:  Genus  Liquidambar  sycamore:  Genus  Platanus  tupelo: Genus  Nyssa  willow: Genus  Salix  yellow poplar:  Genus  Liriodendron

Macbeth Analysis of the Character

Macbeth is one of Shakespeares most intense characters. While he is certainly no hero, hes not a typical villain, either. Macbeth is complex, and  his guilt for his many bloody crimes is a central theme of the play. The presence of supernatural influences, another theme of Macbeth, is another factor that affects the main characters choices. And like other Shakespeare characters who rely on ghosts and otherworldly portents, such as Hamlet and King Lear, Macbeth does not fare well in the end.   A Character Fraught With Contradictions At the beginning of the play, Macbeth is celebrated as a loyal and exceptionally brave and strong soldier, and he is rewarded with a new title from the king: the Thane of Cawdor. This proves true the prediction of three witches, whose scheming ultimately helps drive Macbeth’s ever-growing ambition and contributes to his transformation into a murderer and tyrant. How much of a push Macbeth needed to turn to murder is not clear. But the words of three mysterious women, together with his wifes  conniving pressure, appear to be enough to push his ambition to be king toward bloodshed.   Our initial perception of Macbeth as a brave soldier is further eroded when we see how easily he is manipulated by Lady Macbeth. For example, we watch how vulnerable this soldier is to Lady Macbeths questioning of his masculinity. This is one place where we see that Macbeth is a mixed character—he has a seeming capacity for virtue at the start, but no strength of character to reign in his inner power lust or resist his wifes coercion. As the play advances, Macbeth is overwhelmed with a combination of ambition, violence, self-doubt, and ever-increasing inner turmoil. But even as he questions his own actions, he is nevertheless compelled to commit further atrocities in order to cover up his previous wrongdoings. Is Macbeth Evil? Viewing Macbeth as an inherently evil creature is difficult because he lacks psychological stability and strength of character. We see the events of the play affect his mental clarity: His guilt causes him a great deal of mental anguish and leads to insomnia and hallucinations, such as the famous bloody dagger and the ghost of Banquo. In his psychological torment, Macbeth has more in common with Hamlet than with Shakespeare’s clear-cut villains, such as Iago from Othello. However, in marked contrast to Hamlets endless stalling, Macbeth has the ability to act swiftly in order to fulfill his desires, even when it means committing murder upon murder. He is a man controlled by forces both within and outside of himself. However, despite the inner division caused by these forces greater than his struggling and weakening conscience, he is still able to murder, acting decisively like the soldier we meet at the start of the play. How Macbeth Responds to His Own Downfall Macbeth is never happy with his actions—even when they have earned him his prize—because he is acutely aware of his own tyranny. This divided conscience continues to the end of the play, where there is a sense of relief when the soldiers arrive at his gate. However, Macbeth continues to remain foolhardily confident—perhaps due to his unerring belief in the witches’ predictions. At his end, Macbeth embodies an eternal archetype of the weak tyrant: the ruler whose brutality is borne of inner weakness, greed for power, guilt, and susceptibility to others schemes and pressures. The play ends where it began: with a battle. Although Macbeth is killed as a tyrant, there is a small redemptive notion that his soldier status is reinstated in the very final scenes of the play. The character of Macbeth, in a sense, comes full circle: He returns to battle, but now as a monstrous, broken, and desperate version of his earlier, honorable self.