Essay --

Gay spousals has been a topic of discussion between galore(postnominal) people. It is talked in good and bad ways, due to a persons beliefs or even just their overall opinions. The topic has been present for galore(postnominal) days. Throughout the long time many things agree improved for the sets of the very(prenominal) enkindle couples. It included difficult times for these couples. They had to fight for their rights. They had to fight people that did non believe that they claim these rights. According to Ronald Bailey (page 1), same trip matrimony impacts traditional marriage. He also stated that it undermines or looks down upon conventional marriage of heterosexual marriage. The dissever regulate among same sex couples decreased. After decades of move the marriage rate and fertility rate slowly increased and quieten the disunite rate is down. The divorce rate in different sex couples decreased due to the same sex marriage increasing. In 2003, the divorce rate in Massachusetts was 2.5 per 1,000 people. Then in 2004 the marriage rate jumped 15%. Lesbian couples were 3 times more likely to divorce than heterosexual couples. Gay marriage couples also have kids. Nearly 20% of same sex couple houses have children. Close to 84% of them have biologically related children. Los Angeles reporters stated that 37% of same sex couples have had children of their own in their houses before. By the time that the children are of 17 years old 55% of lesbian couple are separated compared to the 36% of heterosexual couples according to The National Survey of Family Growth. Unlike divorce in heterosexual parents children from divorced homosexual do not experience tender or psychological problems. When they divorce 75% of the lesbian couples share custody. In heterosexual (page 2) couples 65% of mot... ...ame the first state to pass in the unify States to legalize same sex marriage, governor Arnold Schwarzenegger vetoed this bill. Then 3 years after this on June 16th 2008 California began allowing same sex marriage licenses. Proposition 8 was then launched, proposition 8 was launched to deny same sex marriage rights. Then in 2009 Maine governor John Baldacci gestural a freedom to marry bill, which had deem from both branches of the state legislature. tied(p) though both legislatures gave support there were also opponents. These opponents also gained support from national organizations which launched a referendum to ban same sex marriage. Voter speechless the legislature in 2012, which again allowed same sex marriages in Maine. in that respect were also out- of- state marriages in New Mexico and Rhode Island. It is a civil right to many the person of ones choice.

Cookies and Internet Privacy :: Internet Private Cookies Essays

Cookies and Internet PrivacyWhat is a Cookie?Netscapes Client Side pass on definitionCookies argon a general mechanism which server placement connections (such as CGI scripts) groundwork use to both store and retrieve discipline on the client side of the connection. The addition of a simple, persistent, client-side state significantly extends the capabilities of Web-based client/server industriousnesss.Kington, Andy, Andys HTTP Cookie Notes, Available from http//www.illuminatus.com/cookie_pages/ modified 6 June 1997, cited 14 March, 1999In English, this means that webservers can create web pages that will customise from user to user. By saving these preferences on your computer, the web page can reload appearing to your chosen options. This is accomplished by retrieving the cookie, through your browser, when you approach shot the web page. Where cookies and privacy clashThe problem with privacy begins with the cookie bring out personal information that you do not wish to be available. Your browser is probably revealing more than you might want which computer you are coming from, what software and grievousware you are using, details of the link you clicked on, and perhaps even your email address.Junkbusters, How Web Servers Cookies Threaten Your Privacy, Online, Available from http//www.junkbusters.com/ht/en/cookies.html, written 11 December, 1998, cited 14 March, 1999By receiving this information, the webservers could sell it as part of an advertising database resulting in both electronic and paper junk mail. Legislative action has been enacted to reduce the il level-headed use of personal information. The WWW offers a wide anatomy of communication, information and interaction. Cookies provide for necessary customization. But the Internet is not outback(a) the law. Existing regulations, targeted at protecting personal information, limit the use and application of cookies. Current cookie usage violates such norms. Content providers con tinuing to use cookies that violate these regulations and browser producers unwilling or incapable of bringing their products into consent with these laws both risk legal liability. It should be their concern to avoid legal action and it should be our concern to safeguard our privacy.Mayer-Schoenberger, Viktor, The Internet and Privacy edict Cookies for a Treat? , West Virginia Journal of Law and Technology, journal online, Available from http//www.wvjolt.wvu.edu/wvjolt/ authorized/issue1/articles/mayer/mayer.htm, cited 14 March, 1999An otherwise possibility of potential privacy violition is cookies retreiving information from other locations on your hard drive.The safety of personal information stored on the users hard drive has also been of concern in the cookie debate.

The Pencil Box :: essays research papers

THE PENCIL BOX     Nobody care Jane. As soon as Emily Sweet found that copy of Anne of jet-propelled plane Gables& international ampere8212a ternary-hundred-page-long book &8212in Janes faded purpleness kindergarten backpack, that was it. Any hope Jane had for a normal life, for swing on the swings, for qualification a life long friend, any(prenominal)one to share secrets and giggles with, someone to toddle totter with, was over, because cypher likes the smart girl. Nobody likes someone who totes a three hundred page long book to read on the bus. That is the hobo camp gyms unwritten rule.     Well, maybe its not tot all toldy accurate to say that nobody liked Jane. Thats not an entirely true statement. Teachers liked Jane. Teachers loved Jane, even so though Jane thought they had a funny way of showing it, self-aggrandising her another lay downsheet to do when she finished the assigned worksheet fifteen minutes in the beginning th e rest of the class, telling her parents that Jane was a special child, maybe they should move her to a higher grade and her parents invariably saying no, we want our daughter to energise a normal childhood. It became quite normal for them to have these conversitions while Jane sat outside the door wit ha garage sale, dog worn copy of Gone With the Wind&8212a five-hundred-page-long book &8212swinging her patent leather Mary Jane shoes because they didnt reach the fuse and she had to do something to keep her attention through the first twenty pages, pages she always found sub-standard to an otherwise exhilarating book. Yes, supposedly teachers just loved Jane. Thats what all the other children accused them of, love, favoritism, unfair grading, and things like that. They just loved Jane, even though they showed it weird ways.     It took Janes second grade teacher, Mrs. Terada to really show some Jane some love. Jane thought Mrs. Terada was an absolute ni twit, with her long skinny arms and legs, smell down at all the children through a tiny brace of glasses perched on the end of her nose. And oh, it took all the acting Jane could muster to grinning and nod, to not roll her eyes and stick out her tongue when Mrs. Terada presented her with the boxful. The box sat next to the rattling heat register (that always seemed to work in September, never in December). Under its hot pink handle were rows and rows of manila files, each containing a set of math worksheets, maybe a short story with comprehension questions at the end.

Integrated Marketing Communication and Branding Essay

AbstractIn an increasingly competitive marketplace, greater emphasis is being placed on imperfection learn ontogenesis as the basis for consumer discrimination. Advertising has a central role to take over in developing brand public figure, whether at the corporate, retail or product level. It informs consumers of the functional capabilities of the brand while simultaneously imbuing the brand with symbolic set and meanings relevant to the consumer. These two functions of advertise closely parallel the informational and transformational schools of advertising effects and theories on the central and peripheral routes to consumer persuasion. Such dichotomous approaches to explanation argon unlikely to represent the reality of consumer choice in that brand image is likely to be formed by the simultaneous absorption of advertising messages based on both the functional and expressive capabilities of brands. Source http//www.emeraldinsight.com/case_studies.htm/journals.htm? termid=85 7593& deoxyadenosine monophosphateshow=html&WT.mc_id=alsoreadAbstractPurchase intentions for enclothe products frequently require physical examination prior to secure. Hence, greater risk is associated with shop online for apparel products, making it important to examine factors that reduce discordant risks influencing online purchase intentions. This study examines and compares the match of two of the most important risk reducers for online apparel shopping product brand image and online store image on specific types of perceived risks and online purchase intentions for apparel. The results show that product brand image influences consumers online purchase intentions both directly and indirectly by reducing various risk perceptions. Online store image impacts purchase intentions indirectly by fall risk perceptions. The results of this study provide fresh insight into understanding the impact of product brand image and online store image on from each one type of perceive d risk associated with online shoppingSource http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096969891200029X AbstractPurpose From an integrated marketing communications perspective, this study aims to analyses what level of consistency among brand messages is more effective in terms of customer-based brand equity. In particular it aims to evaluate its impact on brand familiarity structure, and how brand familiarity moderates this influence..Source http//www.emeraldinsight.com/case_studies.htm/journals.htm?articleid=17014825&show=html&WT.mc_id=alsoread

Negative Responses To Mathematics Education Essay

The intent of this study is to analyse the chief cause of maths panic in colleges and to offer solutions and give recommendations to the Head of the Department of math and Statisticss at Curtin University. By reexamining professional literature, scholarly diaries, and accredited web sites a better diswhitethorn of the causes and effects of maths anxiety, this study will make the intent by analysing and reasoning the anterior research and give solutions that aimed at these issues. In add-on, the temper of the math in general will in any case be considered and fellow traveler maths to professional life.The study will fore around travel into an overview of the issues in math learning and memorizeing before covering with the wrinkle of the math bane in colleges. A general overview of the nature and social position of math will be discussed, which will so engender to a examination of what universities should make to hang to direct pupils stead and apprehension of ma th.1.2 Background and recent findingsBecause of its public-service corporation and importance, larning maths is described as a necessity for a individual s full development in the twenty-first century ( Kogce et al. 2009, 291 ) . However, the normal determine of mathematic as hard, abstract, non unfeignedly practical, and generally masculine, etc. Therefore, math nemesis appears in vary degree of schools. mathsematicss uneasiness is introduced fore closely by Dreger and Aiken in 1957 and it is defined as a ecological succession of cognitive, affectional, and behavioural responses to a perceived self-pride menace which occurs as a response to demesne of affairss affecting maths ( Birgin et al.2010, 1 ) .Mathematicss unease is regular among the college pupils population ( Zakaria and Nordin, 2007, 27 ) . Harmonizing to Google-counting, mathematics anxiousness emerges in schools particularly in college has 26,000 happenings ( Brown 2008, 61-92 ) . In add-on, Birgin et Al. ( 2010, 1 ) have found that negative military positions to mathematics or mathematics anxiousness is a barrier in larning mathematics and go toing callings which require mathematics. As a solvent of mathematics anxiousness, impacts handle secreteing away of mathematics, hurt, and intervention with conceptual thought and memory procedures whitethorn as yet widen negatively in big life.2.0 Causes &038 A return of mathematics anxiousnessMathematicss anxiousness has been found that whitethorn be affected by many causes, including mathematics, educational and curriculum-related issues, pargonntal attitudes, values, and tabulooks toward mathematics ( Baloglu and Kocak 2006, 1325-1335 ) .Numerous researches have examine the causes of mathematics anxiousness and the consequences be different from each other. Zakaria and Nordin ( 2008, 27-30 ) have claimed that grim mathematics accomplishment commonly accompany the happening of mathematics anxiousness. A pupil whitetho rn be defeat by his/her ain f chasten that consequence from change little trial in mathematics and do him/her to turn over that he/she mickle never make good on it. Further a good deal, it is as well as suggested that the chief cause of mathematics anxiousness has been in learning methods because or so mathematics courses did non encouraged logical thinking and apprehension . It is besides believed that attitude towards mathematics female genital organ be unrivaled of the crusade of math terror ( Kogce et al. 2009, 291 ) . The attitude or value can be affected by instructors or p arents. In add-on, cartridge holder surprise per social unit eye socket in mathematics trial should besides be considered when refers to causes of math anxiousness. The force per unit area created by break short restriction is the combination of emphasis may take to uncertainness almost how to make the undertaking and fright of failure ( Buxton 1990, 153 ) .Figure 1. Relationship among st anxiousness and self-efficacy ( Beginning Hoffman, B. 2010 )As displayed to a exalteder place in Figure 1, the standardised tonss delivered a regressive relationship between mathematics anxiousness and pupils self-efficacy in die hard outing simple mathematics jobs. It is clear that as anxiousness additions, self-efficacy falls which indicates a smashed correlation coefficient between these two points.2.1 Value and attitudeOne of the grounds for mathematics anxiousness is attitude towards mathematics. Students attitudes or values toward math normally come from instructors and parents. about researches held by universities show that pupils perform better when making exercisings in mathematics categories without instructors than the pupils under instructors supervising. Additionally, Buxton ( 1990, 155 ) have argued that instructors should non curtail pupil s thought by stating this is non the manner that written in books or maintain bounteous the right reply without t aking the pupils to believe independently. Otherwise, pupils may determine deadening and throw and their motive to seek mathematics jobs add outing chances may be decreased and conglomerate into fright and turning away.Parents outlooks every bit frequently as instructors may besides give pupils force per unit area in mathematics. Parents normally stand in a place to enounce their kids and fail to decide the position with expressed statements. For illustration, some parents show disappointedly on face when kids understand easy in mathematics. Therefore, kids may project take down harder to situate the better of the jobs due to take down authorisation and this turns into dying and turning away.2.2 Lack of understandingHarmonizing to Zakaria and Nordin ( 2008, 27-30 ) , a deficiency of apprehension is one of the chief causes of mathematics anxiousness and that understanding based acquisition is to a greater extent(prenominal) effectual than drill and pattern . For most pu pils, the first clip when they are afraid of scarper outing math jobs is when they can non understand the constructs in categories. Therefore, their assurance of larning mathematics may worsen and they lose involvement to get the better of the jobs. menialer accomplishment consequences and a damaging attitude towards mathematics may ensue from this sort of self-perceptions, which can impact their position of larning mathematics ( Hoffman 2010, 276-283 ) .2.3 Time force per unit areaMany pupils suffer anxiousness when it refers to be giving a certain extent of clip to nab certain consignment ( Hoffman 2010, 276-283 ) . This can be one of the factors when discoursing about the causes of mathematics anxiousness. For illustration, pupils who familiarized to work outing jobs without clip restriction might experience dying if they are told to work out jobs rapidly.Furthermore, harmonizing to some surveies, the emotional responses of pupils become intense oftentimes when pupils work on math jobs over an evokeed period of clip ( Buxton 1990, 153 ) . In other words, it is claimed that the more clip pupils spend on work outing math jobs, the more anxiousness they suffer. Most pupils failed in their mathematics tests due to blowing excessively much clip by worrying about the clip limitation and can non finish all the inquiries. Harmonizing to Hoffman ( 2010, 276-283 ) , the Test misgiving Inventory ( TAI ) and the Fennema-Sherman Mathematics Anxiety Scale ( MAS ) were co-operating for the Problems Test of mathematics anxiousness. The pupils were required to react to all the points by giving adequate clip. The pupils stain slight all the inquiries within 30 proceedingss, although no clip bound was preen. Harmonizing to this survey, it can be suggested that job work outing clip limitation can be one of the factors that consequences in mathematics anxiousness.However, Hoffman ( 2010, 276-23 ) suggests that high dying persons may really hold faster problem-solving times . Students may desire to complete the undertaking every bit shortly as manageable when they are prompted touch sensationings of dying or concern during the work outing mathematics jobs. This may ensue in faster completion of jobs, even though maybe at the loss of truth.3.0 Mathematics &038 A genderThere is a hypothesis assumes that bounteous females have more mathematics anxiousness than work forces due to less experience with mathematics. As a consequence, Hoffman ( 2010, 276-23 ) points out that female are less comparablely to seek chances to work out mathematical job and even mathematics callings, and tend to avoid occupations to make with counting machines and engineering that bond to mathematics. However, many surveies failed to confirm considerable gender differences in math terror, even though legion surveies support the position that female have more math anxiousness than male ( Baloglu and Kocak 2006, 1325-1335 ) .3.1 Gender StereotypeHarmonizing to Hoffman ( 2010, 276-83 ) , although power may be the cause of public manifestation differences, the pessimistic attitude to a high accomplishment shows females did non try as difficult when work outing mathematics jobs. Some surveies suggest that more male than female enroll in the higher degree of classs in mathematics ( Meece, Wigfield, and Eccles 1990, 60-70 ) .Gender stereotype, one of the grounds why females are much passive in larning mathematics, seems to be the most persuasive 1. provide ( 2001, 53 ) explains that gender stereotype that maleness associate with ground while muliebrity with alternate attacks is the cause of gender differences in mathematics anxiousness. This difference can impact their feelings in relation to mathematics job resolution. Harmonizing to Gates survey, masculine topic such as mathematics and natural philosophies are seen as difficult by female scarce interesting by male. Therefore, female pupils may hold the terror of larning mathematics because they perceive it as being hard although they are interested in this topic.In contrast, Hembree s meta-analysis claimed that the negative behaviours associated with mathematics anxiousness were more marked in males than females. In add-on, present research found that the influence of mathematics anxiousness on the accomplishments of males when work outing math jobs is stronger than females ( Hoffman 2010, 276-283 ) .4.0 Teaching mathematics in college Mathematicss anxiousness is prevailing among the college pupils population ( Zakaria and Nordin, 2007, 27 ) . Harmonizing to Google-counting, college pupils have 26,000 happenings of math terror which is the highest among schooling.Zakaria and Nordin ( 2008, 27-30 ) further tell that the chief factor of mathematics anxiousness is learning methodological analysiss. For illustration, a study of Gabriella and Paul Rosenbaum Foundation called The result of Singapore Mathematics on Student Proficiency in a Massachusetts School District A a Longitudinal statistical Examination shows in figure 2 that after introduced the learning course of study of Singapore mathematics ( SM ) , the mathematics public presentation of pupils with Coded MCAS, who used to execute bad in this topic improved much better as overall.Furthermore, it is predicted that more than 50 % of the pupils are underprepared when they enrolled in mathematics classs in college ( Baloglu and Kocak 2006, 1325-1335 ) . Therefore, instructors in colleges should stand in a place of head and rectifying.Figure 2. Percentage of pupils with Coded MCAS, with and without SM ( Source Goldman et al. 2009 )4.1 What universities offering presentlyTeachers presents make usance of learning AIDSs and resources such as artworks and theoretical accounts to assist pupils understand mathematical theories and rules ( Gates 2001, 53 ) . Resources are of import because they can supply an image or representation of the figure constructs and ease the apprehension of abstract n ature of mathematics. It is argued that utilizing concrete resources in the procedure of larning mathematics can positively subjoins pupils mathematics accomplishment and their attitudes towards mathematics ( Kogce et al. 2009, 291 ) .However, the job is whether these resources truly assist apprehension. For case, resource like counters can be used to assist pupils number but the fact is a large figure of pupils can non make mental enumeration and they focus excessively much on the facets of mathematics of numbering. What s more, other common state of affairs in university mathematics schoolrooms is that non all pupils feel easy to larn mathematics with the aid of the resources and AIDSs and some of them fail to plug into different facets of math even with the aid of legion graphs and diagrams. Consequently, Gates ( 2001, one hundred twenty-five ) have suggested that a bipartisan interactions between instructors and pupils should be strongly considered. Some pupils may accep t the acquisition method given by instructors and neer think by their ain and see whether the present method is the crush for them.4.2 Computer as instruction aidModern engineering today is used in most universities help instructors to learn pupils. Computer should be one of the most utile technological tools in mathematics schoolrooms. Gates ( 2001, 167 ) have demo that whether the usage of computing machine is effectual or non in mathematics is influenced by the categorization of functions of instructors and computing machines. Computers should be a instruction assistance by instructors and controlled by instructors.Computers used as learning assistance impart a figure of advantages to let go of pupils from some troubles during the acquisition of mathematics and cut down their mathematics anxiousness. For illustration, computing machine presents is used normally as an electronic chalkboard for expounding and presentation. As a jump of assort information through cyberspace, instructors can seek considerable extend information to assist to better pupils understanding of cognition. Furthermore, Gates ( 2001, 168 ) has besides stated that in the signifier of exercisings and games, pupils can pattern mathematics accomplishments and better their gumminess of different facets of this topic. In add-on, vivid images and presentation by the usage of computing machine resources may increase pupils involvement and cut down their terror of the troubles. A perfect illustration of computing machines assisting larning math is the Integrated information Systems ( ILS ) . This system non merely sets exercisings but besides marks the work, evaluates and records advancement, and lead pupils to further progress work ( Gates 2001, 169 ) .5.0 Mathematicss in our lifeMost batch study mathematics until they lose involvement or until they find it excessively difficult for them. Low accomplishment or failure is one state of affairs that doing people reject larning a topic, and believe it s non deserving to try.A However, mathematics is really of import to our life. Selby ( 1995 ) has explained how mathematics works in our day-to-day life independently for assorted facets. For illustration, numeration by manus or with a data processor is necessary when people calculate weights or sums like money which appears in day-to-day life. Just like work outing mathematics jobs measuring by banner, incorrect Numberss that show in one measure of a numeration procedure would do all the remainder incorrect. Furthermore, when make fulling the tax revenue enhancement signifiers, people need to cipher with arithmetic followed the providing instructions measure by step.A Therefore, arithmetic as one portion of mathematics that taught in schools is utile and related to our life.Additionally, people may reason that facets like Algebra and geometry which may utilize with expressions and theories are non related to our life.A However, people should understand expressi ons or calculation methods needed for loans, pensions and investings, A for store maintaining or purchasing and selling with markups or markdowns Selby ( 1995 ) . What pupils learn in mathematics categories in schools is about understanding how the formulas work and being sensible. By cognizing these, it will offer people more options during gaining, sustenance or puting money. What s more, statistics, farther subject in mathematics, is really popular nowadays.A A Statistics is utile in theA measuring or appraisal of Numberss and the mistake or fluctuation in the estimations. Such as in the state of affairs of ciphering informations forA productiveness or the monetary value of merchandises, statistics used to mean of import information from values like mean number.A Therefore, as Gates ( 2001, 24 ) stated mathematics is a powerful tool in the universe that we live.6.0 DecisionIt is clear that the causes of mathematics anxiousness can be determine as, viz. , pupils values and attitude to mathematics which can be influenced by instructors, parents and even society pupils apprehension of mathematics constructs in categories and clip restriction in mathematics tests. There is a figure below helps to symbolise how anxiousness develops and affects pupils acquisition of mathematics. From chase to turning away, there may be a batch of grounds such as pupils find out they are non gifted at mathematics so they refuse to larn any longer, or female pupils may experience larning this topic is non confiscate for them due to gender stereotype. From assurance to anxiousness, unpleasant experience may be the chief cause. This experience may include deficiency of understanding consequence in failure in work outing jobs blamed by parents or instructors as low accomplishments or being compared with talented pupils clip restriction causes emphasis in test, etc. All theses causes above may take to failure in mathematics public presentation and turn back to even seri ous turning away and anxiousness.Figure 3. Math Anxiety Dynamics ( Source Strawderman, W. 2004 )In add-on, there is a strong correlativity between gender differences and math terror that males are more likely to go to advanced mathematics classs than females. It has been considered due to gender stereotypes omit abilities. However, mathematics is used everyplace in our life and callings. From single measures and disbursals computation to revenue enhancement and funding, we need mathematics as a door guard to populate a more choice life.7.0 RecommendationsAfter analysing the relevant issues in this study, assorted recommendations to the Head of the Department of Mathematics and Statistics have been developed due to lengthy research showing the impacts of mathematics anxiousness on college pupils. These recommendations are possible solutions to and assist pupils to be more confident in their ain ability to understand mathematics and to advance mathematics in the twenty-first centur y. The undermentioned suggestions can be undertaken to cut down mathematics anxiousness and increase pupils accomplishmentTeacher should develop an encouraging acquisition environment, free from stress and threatening of embarrassment or humiliation. This may cut down the pupils anxiousness about being judged by instructors while doing errors or neglecting to understand. Mathematicss instructor should show a caring attitude to their pupils to assist them get the better of mathematics panic.Test taking schemes should be given suitably might assist pupils to raise their accomplishment and cut down their anxiousness of mathematics trial.Students should set themselves under an test atmosphere when they making mathematics homework on a regular basis. Therefore, when they work outing jobs in tests, clip force per unit area will be reduced and pupils may experience more assurance.Activities in categories should include both independent and group work. sort out work helps pupils to inte rchange their thoughts with pickets and reflecting their apprehension to instructors. Therefore, their jobs can be solved instanter or they may recognize that others have the same job as they do.Teaching AIDSs and resourced should be used efficaciously. Make a connexion of mathematics in schools and new engineerings.Small categories like tutorials should be increased alternatively of go forthing countless prep to pupils to complete after categories. Once pupils broken or make non understand during their perusal, they can non acquire solutions instantly and they may lose the motive to go on. Increasing hours of tutorials may work out this job efficaciously.Word count 2944

Advance Strategic Planning

Advanced strategicalal cookery was written by Aubrey Malphurs and was first published in 1999 with the over- e very(prenominal) aim of providing the church building building building service service building service and its softenership a inviolable strategical supplying make for that pull up stakes address it them move from a stage of stagnant harvesting to a ut well-nigh of swop and revitalization. The take hold offers a nine-step strategic beting and performing models and diagrams that help illustrate concepts. The updated edition of the disc has put emphasis on disciple making.Malphurs, who has authored m whatever records on church leadershiphip and strategy, is a prof of Pastoral Ministries at Dallas Theological Seminary. He specializes in didactics curates how to think strategi expecty and move their crimp to festering and accomplish manpowert of goals.He is as well as the chairman of the Malphurs Group, a consulting organization which provides tr aining and consultation services for churches that inflicts the neediness for help in the area of church harvest-time.Malphurs started the book by stating that intimately all institutions today, much(prenominal) as churches, go through a sigmoid or S-curve pattern of product or lifespan cycle, in which a church begins and bes rapid growth in all areas, achieves a catch a comfort z oneness of r surfaceines and programs, and later on declines and all the sametually dies.Malphurs, in his book, perceives the S-curve life cycle pattern as a puzzle besetting most churches by stating thatThe message or lesson of the sigmoid curve is that all favourable things (and even some bad things) end Even brand-new institutions and organizations such as a church ordain, in time, plateau and then die. No payoff what institution it is, organizational dry rot sets in. The institution becomes brittle, ceases to function, and expires (Malphurs 2005, 11).Given the abovementioned problem Ma lphurs argues that as soon as the church lookings that it now reached the point of astounding growth and plateau, it should in a way re-invent itself through careful readiness and word sense of new set of core economic values (whenever necessary) in put to cue it back to a period of signifi providet growth.This provide spurious reviewing and restructuring the respective(a) aspects of church life such as its core values, personnel, crowd, overriding culture, finances, confederation where it is interacting, among others, through a strategic planning process.A handful of suggestions on how to conceptualize out the orchestrate of this strategic planning was provided lengthily and was discussed in an or so detailed manner by Malphurs.StrengthsDrawing from a wealth of familiarity as a pastor, professor and consultant, Malphurs arrive at provided signifi finisht and doable shipway of carrying out the strategic revitalization process. Perhaps using his personal get a line of guide a church, he was able to address a freshet of pitfalls and traps that a pastor and church leader should avoid in strategic planning.His attend and love for the ministry and church transcends all throughout the book, making a pastor or a leader, whose church is going through a period of plateau in terms of growth, variation the book feel that the book was written specifically for him and his flock. Malphurs has a heart for the local church. The strategic planning is simply his response to the problem that he perceives. 1It was alike make choke in the book that the pastor or church leaders cant do the process and implement changes alone, every extremity of the congregation must be informed properly for them to be gnarled in all facets of the process. The need to effectively communicate the vision was accent and strongly recommended. Malphurs writesIf you conduct secret meetings and fail to communicate in frequent what happens in those meetings, you will non be ab le to lead the congregation because they will no trust you (63).An unwavering support on the ongoing strategic planning process will only come from a church member who clearly understands the what and whys of his/her churchs call for a strategic planning.Although the book is in fact a how-to distinguish of manual, Malphurs succeeded in finding a biblical basis for the conduct of the strategic planning. This makes the book grounded on the godly and biblical principles of leadership.An obvious strong point of the book is the manner it challenged church pastors and leaders to think critically regarding its mission, vision, values, and congregational structure. fire questions are injected throughout the book to guide its readers in propelling the church in a certain direction that will finally lead to the realization of their mission and vision.Malphurs is very strong in recommending the necessity of adopting a mission and vision statements in churches. To further guide his readers , Malphurs also do a clear distinction between values, missions, and functions.Armed with the understanding that churches will emphatically look different in varying contexts, he stresses the value of injecting professionalism and virtue in all ministry undertakings which is and should be a characteristic of whatever church desiring to grow.David Murrow also sees this need when he wrote, Men appreciate morality clarified doesnt mean slick, canned or superficial. It simply manner everything make well (Col. 323).2Malphurs also tediously provided right-hand tools and examine military rank forms that will help a church start the strategic planning process. He make sure that churches who will decide to insert in the strategic planning process already have the tools, which can be modified if they opt to, to keep the process going and evaluated.WeaknessesAlthough well-written, the book quiesce has some few un laborsaving aspects and needs thoughtful retainer from a critical rea der.Malphurs have excellently provided a book for strategic view pastors just have missed out those who are implementers and dreamers in nature, man will tell us that there are pastors who see that their name evolves on activities such as teaching, preach, evangelism, visitation, etc.strategic planning is not an provoke and necessitate activity for pastors and leaders who fall under these characteristics, for them church growth and heartiness depends on going out and reaching the unreached.Another important aid that Malphurs alluded is the fair(a) period of time it will take for the whole process of specify the churchs mission, discovering their values, catching the vision, and actually coming up with a plan will be done.He noted that it could take v (5) days only if to get everybody on board. Unfortunately, nowadays, a pastoral higher rank in a certain church is only 3 to 4 years. George Barna declared The average tenure of a pastor in Protestant churches has decline d to just 4 yearseven though studies consistently evince that pastors experience their most productive and influential ministry in years 5 through 14 of their pastorate. 3The book also failed in considering the value of preaching the rule book of God, reaching out the lost, and healthy fellowship among members of the congregation, in acantha growth in the church.The Readiness for Change inventory contains factors necessary for organizational change, but it is interesting to note that Malphurs have missed to include prayer. For any change to take place in a church, the leaders and members of the church should pull time in praying.ConclusionOverall much is to be commended in Malphurs book. It is a very practical book. The strengths of the book outweigh the weaknesses. The weaknesses stated should not cut a one from reading the book.Although there are some suggestions do by Malphurs that in one way or another is not back up biblically, such as not putting aged(a) men and women in the leadership as opposed to the scriptures advice to have the older men and women teaching the younger ones, the book equable offers live and helpful principles of strategically leading and managing a church.The objectives set by Malphurs in committal to writing the book are achieved, he perceived a problem, and he has provided in great detail a solution to the problem. He has skillfully presented a sys aforementioned, his wealth of experience have made every billet he presented convincing and worth trying for.The book is a blue-chip reading and tool for young, soon-to-be pastors, pastors, elders, church staff members, and lay leaders, or for anyone who is in one way or another involved in church leadership.However, a word of caution, one should be very careful in pass judgment that the book is the cure-all answer to the problems besetting the churches today. It is a guide, a good and helpful guide, but it doesnt contain all the answers to church issues and problems. Pasto rs and leaders of the church should still bear in mind what is stated Proverbs 169 says The mind of man plans his way But the LORD directs his steps. The entitle is still the sovereign one, if it is His Will it will definitely happen. 1. Owen Strachan, Reviews Advanced Strategic proviso by Aubrey Malphurs, (9Marks Reviews , 2008) article available online, www.alliance.net, date accessed July 21, 2009 2. David Murrow, How Women Help Men mark God, (Thomas Nelson Publishers, 2008) 3. George Barna, The jiffy Coming of the Church, (Nashville Word Publishing, 1998), 5.Advance Strategic PlanningAdvanced Strategic Planning was written by Aubrey Malphurs and was first published in 1999 with the over-all purpose of providing the church and its leadership a good strategic planning process that will help it them move from a stage of stagnant growth to a period of change and revitalization. The book offers a nine-step strategic thought process and acting models and diagrams that help illust rate concepts. The updated edition of the book has put emphasis on disciple making.Malphurs, who has authored many books on church leadership and strategy, is a professor of Pastoral Ministries at Dallas Theological Seminary. He specializes in teaching pastors how to think strategically and move their congregation to growth and accomplishment of goals.He is also the president of the Malphurs Group, a consulting organization which provides training and consultation services for churches that sees the need for help in the area of church growth.Malphurs started the book by stating that almost all institutions today, such as churches, go through a sigmoid or S-curve pattern of growth or life cycle, in which a church begins and experiences rapid growth in all areas, achieves a point a comfort zone of routines and programs, and later on declines and eventually dies.Malphurs, in his book, perceives the S-curve life cycle pattern as a problem besetting most churches by stating thatThe messa ge or lesson of the sigmoid curve is that all good things (and even some bad things) end Even brand-new institutions and organizations such as a church will, in time, plateau and then die. No matter what institution it is, organizational dry rot sets in. The institution becomes brittle, ceases to function, and expires (Malphurs 2005, 11).Given the abovementioned problem Malphurs argues that as soon as the church feels that it now reached the point of staggering growth and plateau, it should in a way re-invent itself through careful planning and adoption of new set of core values (whenever necessary) in order to propel it back to a period of significant growth.This will mean reviewing and restructuring the various aspects of church life such as its core values, personnel, congregation, prevailing culture, finances, community where it is interacting, among others, through a strategic planning process.A handful of suggestions on how to carry out the conduct of this strategic planning w as provided lengthily and was discussed in an almost detailed manner by Malphurs.StrengthsDrawing from a wealth of experience as a pastor, professor and consultant, Malphurs have provided significant and doable ways of carrying out the strategic revitalization process. Perhaps using his personal experience of leading a church, he was able to address a lot of pitfalls and traps that a pastor and church leader should avoid in strategic planning.His experience and love for the ministry and church transcends all throughout the book, making a pastor or a leader, whose church is going through a period of plateau in terms of growth, reading the book feel that the book was written specifically for him and his flock. Malphurs has a heart for the local church. The strategic planning is simply his response to the problem that he perceives. 1It was also made clear in the book that the pastor or church leaders cant do the process and implement changes alone, every member of the congregation must be informed properly for them to be involved in all facets of the process. The need to effectively communicate the vision was emphasized and strongly recommended. Malphurs writesIf you conduct secret meetings and fail to communicate in general what happens in those meetings, you will not be able to lead the congregation because they will no trust you (63).An unwavering support on the ongoing strategic planning process will only come from a church member who clearly understands the what and whys of his/her churchs call for a strategic planning.Although the book is in fact a how-to sort of manual, Malphurs succeeded in finding a biblical basis for the conduct of the strategic planning. This makes the book grounded on the godly and biblical principles of leadership.An obvious strength of the book is the manner it challenged church pastors and leaders to think critically regarding its mission, vision, values, and congregational structure. Provoking questions are injected throughout the book to guide its readers in propelling the church in a certain direction that will eventually lead to the realization of their mission and vision.Malphurs is very strong in recommending the necessity of adopting a mission and vision statements in churches. To further guide his readers, Malphurs also made a clear distinction between values, missions, and functions.Armed with the understanding that churches will definitely look different in varying contexts, he stresses the value of injecting professionalism and excellence in all ministry undertakings which is and should be a characteristic of any church desiring to grow.David Murrow also sees this need when he wrote, Men appreciate excellenceExcellent doesnt mean slick, canned or superficial. It simply means everything done well (Col. 323).2Malphurs also tediously provided helpful tools and sample evaluation forms that will help a church start the strategic planning process. He make sure that churches who will decide to embark in t he strategic planning process already have the tools, which can be modified if they opt to, to keep the process going and evaluated.WeaknessesAlthough well-written, the book still has some few unhelpful aspects and needs thoughtful consideration from a critical reader.Malphurs have excellently provided a book for strategic thinking pastors but have missed out those who are implementers and dreamers in nature, reality will tell us that there are pastors who see that their calling evolves on activities such as teaching, preaching, evangelism, visitation, etc.Strategic planning is not an exciting and needed activity for pastors and leaders who fall under these characteristics, for them church growth and dynamism depends on going out and reaching the unreached.Another important concern that Malphurs alluded is the average period of time it will take for the whole process of defining the churchs mission, discovering their values, catching the vision, and actually coming up with a plan wi ll be done.He noted that it could take five (5) years just to get everybody on board. Unfortunately, nowadays, a pastoral longevity in a certain church is only 3 to 4 years. George Barna stated The average tenure of a pastor in Protestant churches has declined to just 4 yearseven though studies consistently show that pastors experience their most productive and influential ministry in years 5 through 14 of their pastorate. 3The book also failed in considering the value of preaching the Word of God, reaching out the lost, and healthy fellowship among members of the congregation, in spurring growth in the church.The Readiness for Change inventory contains factors necessary for organizational change, but it is interesting to note that Malphurs have missed to include prayer. For any change to take place in a church, the leaders and members of the church should devote time in praying.ConclusionOverall much is to be commended in Malphurs book. It is a very practical book. The strengths of the book outweigh the weaknesses. The weaknesses stated should not detract a one from reading the book.Although there are some suggestions made by Malphurs that in one way or another is not supported biblically, such as not putting older men and women in the leadership as opposed to the scriptures advice to have the older men and women teaching the younger ones, the book still offers sound and helpful principles of strategically leading and managing a church.The objectives set by Malphurs in writing the book are achieved, he perceived a problem, and he has provided in great detail a solution to the problem. He has skillfully presented a sys aforementioned, his wealth of experience have made every argument he presented convincing and worth trying for.The book is a valuable reading and tool for young, soon-to-be pastors, pastors, elders, church staff members, and lay leaders, or for anyone who is in one way or another involved in church leadership.However, a word of caution, one shou ld be very careful in accepting that the book is the cure-all answer to the problems besetting the churches today. It is a guide, a good and helpful guide, but it doesnt contain all the answers to church issues and problems. Pastors and leaders of the church should still bear in mind what is stated Proverbs 169 says The mind of man plans his way But the LORD directs his steps. The Lord is still the sovereign one, if it is His Will it will definitely happen. 1. Owen Strachan, Reviews Advanced Strategic Planning by Aubrey Malphurs, (9Marks Reviews , 2008) article available online, www.alliance.net, date accessed July 21, 2009 2. David Murrow, How Women Help Men Find God, (Thomas Nelson Publishers, 2008) 3. George Barna, The Second Coming of the Church, (Nashville Word Publishing, 1998), 5.

Marijuana research paper Essay

In to mean solar days society there atomic number 18 a list of some banned drugs which in alignment be the five intimately utilise drugs by most individuals. These drugs are methamphetmine, cocaine heroine, ecstasy and ganja, out of exclusively five of these drugs genius that I believe to be the most scrutinized is hemp, known also as cannabis. I believe this drug is the most harmless(prenominal) prohibited substance in the world, especially when compared to its counterparts. cannabis non further when has the least negative situation effects to your body just it is also the whole drug that is go ford in a social, musical, medical and cultural manner.The most popular of all recreational drugs, hempen necktie, or ganja, Grass, Hemp, Weed, Pot, Hash, Dope or a variety of regional names has been cultivated for thousands of years. Derived in various forms from the Cannabis plants, Cannabis Indica or Cannabis Sativa, is native to central Asia scarce its cultivation and use is global. It is a Psychoactive and a Psychedelic. It can be smoked as leaves or f downcaster buds, it can be ground down to isolate the shape sap and and so pressed into a solid, or the resin extracted by collection via contact with the sticky plant parts.(http//listverse.com)This excerpt from listverse.com explains why cannabis use is so commonly utilize non only in America but across the globe. What makes this drug adorn by m any(prenominal) of it users are also the proclaimed negative side effects, constant skunk or overdosing on marihuana results in beingness forgetful, over sleeping, not get things go ine, concentration difficulties, neglecting work or duties, loss of balance or dizziness, problems with performing tasks, and nausea (Hammersley, R. and V. Leon, 2006).These side effects may not be looked too as negative by on the user, especially when compared to its counterparts. An dose of chalk, cocaine and heroine bequeath almost al substances lead to se izures, coma, and loss of a life (http//mental-health.emedtv.com) cannabis is acclaimed by many of its users as the ultimate strive reliever and what break away place relieve stress than at college, a place where for four to five days out of the week pupils are overwhelmed with the stresses that come from the many classes they take. This explains why college is a perfect example of marijuana being used in a social setting where ane can obtain the drug in a tranquilize milieu with little authority from parents or the police.Through my college experience I meet met students who enter college deciding they will never smoke a day in their life, I devour also met students who admit they were peer pressured into at least trying the substance and I discombobulate met students who have verbalize they tried marijuana out of straight curiosity.In an interview held with a female Old Westbury student, whos name is preferred not to be mentioned, I asked the student how long have you b een smoking marijuana? student replied I would consider my egotism a newcomer to smoking pot, I started this semester. I thence asked why did you choose marijuana out of all illegal drugs to use? she replied I honestly choose marijuana because all of my friends were doing it, I saw aft(prenominal) smoking many of them would go from uptight to calm and funny, not having a care in the world, I wanted to emotional state for myself what the hype was and dep oddment on how I reacted to pot would determine if I would track smoking or not.My last question before ending the interview was the big one, Do you still continue to smoke marijuana, with a smirk on her face she tell yes I do, not often like my friends but on Thursday after a long week of homework and classes I smoke one to remainder my head word and forget about my tough week, plus it puts me to bed (laughing).Marijuana use has and still continues to be a cultivating driving force in the music industry, specifically hip hop. During the 80s and 90s many of the great hip hop legends Dr. Dre, Tupac Shakur and Notorious Biggie Smalls all have been known for there great musical abilities but also for their popular habit of smoking or as the street term calls it getting blue. Many individuals look at these artist and automatically assume ignorance when in fact when under the influence of marijuana these artisthave said some of the most prolific lines in hip hop.Tupac Shakur is quoted saying I believe that everything that you do bad comes back to you. So everything that I do thats bad, Im going to suffer from it. But in my mind, I believe what Im doing is right. So I face like Im going to heaven. This quote spoke meant arrogate to me and Im sure to many young adults that are and like me who live a life of violence and chaos. Often as teenagers we whole step that since we are not living the supposedly Godly way that includes at functioning church regularly, helping other and praying at night that we our selves dont hold a place in heaven, that we are the scums of the earth.Lines such(prenominal) as these mentally help us make it by our days and allow us to understand that they are other people out there who are going or have went through our periodic struggles. Hearing words like that from your icon, you can only imagine the backup man that boys and girls feel knowing psyche who do it out a bad situation was going through exactly what you were, simple words can really make an outstanding difference to an individual.Marijuana in the music industry is not only used through the rappers who say the lyrics but it is used also by the producers who come up with the beat and flow, the core of the strain that sometimes allows you to feel the music in a way that no rapper may be able to get across.Famous producers such Pharell and rap mogul Dr. Dre are both Grammy winners who make their music spell under the influence, the drug puts them in a calming place were their mind can roam an d listen to each instruments and bring them together in harmony, yes this task can be done sober but these two producers have made some of the beast beats in the world, it only goes to show once again marijuana is not as self destruction drug as it rivals cocaine or heroine .Medical Cannabis refers to the use of the drug cannabis as a physician-recommended herbal therapy, most notably as an antiemetic. Cannabis has been used for medicinal purposes for approximately 4,000 years. literary works from ancient India confirm that its psychoactive properties were recognized, and doctors used it for a variety of illnesses and ailments. These include a whole host of gastrointestinal disorders, insomnia, headaches and as a smart reliever frequently used in childbirth.In the 1970s, a synthetic variance of THC, the primary active ingredient in cannabis, was synthesized to make the drug Marinol. (Why Is weed Cigarettes Bad For You? LIVESTRONG.COM)Marijuana is yet again used as a benefi cial part of our society but instead of the individual users who use it for leisure or to have fun, marijuana is used for the sick and impaired. cognize by its correct term as medical marijuana, the drug is used to relieve muscle spams, chronic pain,glaucoma, weight loss(in smoking marijuana one of the few side effect is called the munches during this time the user will lust to want food. People who dont often eat will more than likely have a good portion home base of food or a snack) Aids and Cancer. Having a nan who was appointive marijuana for her excessive swollen feet conditon I personally saw the imperative effects the drug had her.Marijuana allowed my grandmother to relax and focus less attention on her feet, being under the influence put my grandmother in a happy place where her pain no monthlong bothered her as much as it would if she was sober.What she eternally enjoyed about marijuana was that she could smoke it, coming from the Caribbeans smoking marijuana was a prescript thing, something she had grown accustomed too. She much rather smoke instead of swallowing pills, being old fashioned she thought the side effects of pills would be foul to her health. Smoking marijuana has had an impact on the lives of those who suffer from depression and low self esteem. Joan Bello, author of The Benefits of Marijuana Physical, Psychological & Spireligious rite, is quoted sayingMarijuana will not tolerate repression. Tranquilizers and depressants relax the body and deprivation tension, but the state of mind associated with these drugs is unconsciousness whereby we escape rather than resolve our dilemmas. insobriety is an extreme need of both the body and personality sometimes to release the nervousness that has accumulated and continues to build up to an unbearable degree.It serves the same consort for the collective personality for the society, as well A culture in which alcohol and tranquilizers are the prevalent form of release prefers not to visualise internal confusion and actually choose to act without conscious participation, maintaining a semi-numb condition.Mr. Bello not only speaks about the positive of marijuana use but he also speaks on how smoking puts you at a better state than one of its many counterparts alcohol, who when under the influence liquor individuals tend to act angry or in rage, marijuana users are always put in a calm statement, which is reason to why after smoking one side effect the user may feel is tiredness.Marijuana usage has not been secluded too only America, it has made a huge cultural impact on the tropical island community, specifically Jamaica. Jamaicans have a subset group of people on the island that participate in a religion known as Rastafri, as Catholics partake in the Eucharist and Muslims participate in Ramadan, the Rasta out-of-the-way(prenominal)ian lifestyle usually includes ritual use of marijuana, avoidance of alcohol, the wearing of ones hair in dreadlocks, and vegetar ianism. Rastafrains look at marijuana as the hold plant and have scriptures in the bible to prove that they arent making it up, Psalm 10414 He causeth the grass for the cattle and herb for the service of man.The marijuana or as they call it gangja is also used for social and medical purposes. Marijuana is used primarily during the two main Rastafari rituals reasonings and nyabingi. The reasoning is an informal collection at which a small group of Rastas smoke ganja and aim in discussion. The ritual begins when one person lights the pipe, or chalice, and recites a short-circuit prayer while all other participants bow their heads. The pipe is then passed around the circle until all of the people have smoked.The reasoning ends when the participants conk out one by one. Rastas do not condone any other drug beside marijuana because it is the only God given plant, it is not tainted with any human contact unlike alcohol methamphetamine cocaine or heroine. These rastas normally live lon g healthy lives, which only proves that the drug does not do serious damage to your body.So far they are eighteen legalized marijuana states in the United states. Regardless what the mass may say I believe marijuana has made a positive impact on the world. . The amount of deaths that occur from smoking cigarets or drinking alcohol is in the millions and yet it is still beingused, marijuana has had zero deaths in its history. The next time you see someone high or in the act of smoking think about the pros and cons and then make your decision.

Digital Fortress Chapter 42

Inside Node 3, Susan caught herself pacing frantically. She wished shed loose Hale when shed had the chance.Hale sat at his terminal. Stress is a killer, Sue. Something you requirement to get polish off your chest?Susan forced herself to sit. She had thought Strathmore would be off the phone by now and return to speak to her, but he was nowhere to be seen. Susan tried to keep calm. She gazed at her computer screen. The tracer bullet was still triumphning-for the second time. It was immaterial now. Susan knew whose address it would return email protectedSusan gazed up toward Strathmores workstation and knew she couldnt bear any longer. It was time to interrupt the commanders phone call. She stood and headed for the door.Hale seemed suddenly uneasy, simply noticing Susans odd behavior. He strode quickly across the room and beat her to the door. He folded his arms and blocked her exit.Tell me whats going on, he demanded. Theres something going on here today. What is it?Let me out, Susan said as evenly as possible, aroma a sudden twinge of danger.Come on, Hale pressed. Strathmore practically fire Chartrukian for doing his job. Whats going on inside TRANSLTR? We dont have any diagnostics that run eighteen hours. Thats bullshit, and you know it. Tell me whats going on.Susans eyes narrowed. You know dump well whats going on Back off, Greg, she demanded. I need to purpose the bathroom.Hale smirked. He waited a long moment and then stepped aside. somber Sue. Just flirting.Susan pushed by him and left Node 3. As she passed the glass wall, she sense Hales eyes boring into her from the other side.Reluctantly, she circled toward the bathrooms. She would have to make a detour before visiting the Commander. Greg Hale could suspect nothing.

All About My Mother & Pan’s Labyrinth

How far do the narratives of the withdraws you have studied rely on outstanding moments of confrontation and how far on a more than(prenominal) shrewd change all(a) over time? The two very different Spanish considers All about my Mother (AAMM) and Pans Labyrinth using up complex narratives and character meanss to explore gender ideologies. I would suggest that both films rely in part on capertic moments of confrontation only if also demonstrate a more elusive change over time in this essay I will explain this posture. AAMM is a powerful melodrama, exhibiting many of Almodovars signature traits and exemplifying his exhuberant, challenging post-Franco style.As a melodrama, it is hardly surprising that at that place argon many dramatic moments inside the narrative and throughout the film we see various confrontational moments between the characters. For example, as Manuela enters Barcelona in a taxi there is a violently shocking scene which introduces us to Agrado as she is assaulted by a client. She is defiant in her response and in this way Almodovar dress circles his agenda this is a film which challenges traditional gender roles and our perceptions of what is and what should be.The scene is maybe all the more shocking because up until this point, in Madrid, there has been high drama in the sudden death of Manuelas son but her chemical reaction to it is subtly presented and gender representations are far more traditional and in line with the hegemonic view. As Manuelas somewhat passive quest to kick downstairs Lola continues, the narrative is punctuated by various melodramatic moments of confrontation but Almodovars intention is clearly non merely to present a set of over-exaggerated characters in improbable scenarios and it is perhaps his subtlety that allows the film to communicate its reliable meaning.Although Manuela is the main character and it is her actions which activate the narrative along initially, it is perhaps through all of h is characters and their intertwined experiences that Almodovar more fully explores gender and sexuality and questions hegemonic values. Each of his characters goes on a journey and whilst the overtly melodramatic narrative is what keeps the audience socialize (if somewhat disbelievingly) it is perhaps the more subtle undertones of change which we can only appreciate once the film is finished that contain its true message.Manuela, the without end buzz off, has a chance to be so to an infant again Agrado has undercoat acceptance and purpose which does non rely on the sale of her proboscis Huma is free of the destructive and toxic Nina Rosas yield, who represents perhaps more than any other character the hegemonic values of Spanish society that Almodovar is challenging, is shown to be uncaring in the worst way by rejecting her grandchild and thereby loses her make up to have access to him. Rosa, of course, is dead but before her death she had seamlessly morphed from nun buoy t o earthly mother.I would argue that all of these changes are subtle and not reliant on moments of dramatic confrontation, and that actually it is these changes these people which are the films narrative. Although the dramatic moments are entertaining, they are the bass line and the subtler changes are the melody. In terms of narrative, Pans Labyrinth is of course preferably different from AAMM but I would argue that in terms of the importance of dramatic moments of confrontation versus subtler changes, there are some similarities.As a gothic fairytale/fantasy film set during the Spanish polished war, we would expect dramatic confrontations as binary oppositions are a severalize convention of the genre and confrontations a symptom of conflict and indeed, we are not disappointed. The villain of the tale, Captain Vidal, is at the heart of most of the dramatic confrontations deep down the film, with the Doctor, Ofelia, Carmen, the rebels and eventually, the ultimate confrontatio n with Mercedes which results in his death.As in AAMM, these moments are for sure key to the development of the narrative and serve to highlight del Toros representation of Francos hegemonic masculinity as violent, controlling and confrontational. But when we look at the female characters in the film, as indeed we must, there is a recognisably subtler and more sensitive approach both in their representation and in their roles and functions within the narrative.Mercedes, as the helper, grows in strength and courage as the film progresses, moving gradually from a somewhat sidelined observer of Vidals nemesis to a heroic central player and successful challenger, killing the villain and saving the rebels (who happen to be men). Ofelia of course, undergoes enormous change throughout the tale, losing her mother and confronting various creatures as well as Vidal as she goes but perhaps more significantly, failing to confront her own fear of growing up and instead opting to stay a child f orever.Carmen is represented as creaky and conforming to the hegemonic ideology that women should be subservient to their husbands and she dies during childbirth, perhaps to demonstrate that this view is outdated. In this film, the necessity for women to be mothers is thus challenged through both mother and daughter, as Carmen dies for it and Ofelia openly rejects it. One conclusion which could be drawn is that although there are many moments of dramatic confrontation in Pans narrative, they perhaps merely mask the subtler changes happening beneath them.Or that del Toro has measuredly constructed these confrontations within the creative activity of the men and within Ofelias fantasy world to allow us to observe that subtler changes which they promote in our heroine and her helper. The eventual result, of course, existence that the situation in Vidals family mirrors that of the war with the rebels he fails to recognise the subtle changes occurring around him and pays for it dearl y. Because in actuality, it is the female characters who are in control and their experiences organism explored.As I said, Vidal and the dramatic moments of confrontation that he is so a great deal part of, are the cause and the subtler changes within the female characters the effect. In conclusion, I would say that as with most narratives, dramatic moments of confrontation help to move things along in both of these films but are by no means completely relied upon to create meaning and communicate with the audience. Both films, in different ways, are about women and their experiences and subtlely is also required to communicate these experiences with the pathos and genuine feeling that they do.

Benazir Income Support Programme Research Proposal Essay

In this ongoing research, the researcher wants to analyze the Benazir Income abet course of study (BISP). Keeping in view the agenda of our research the researcher identify the main organisational model and implement structure, characteristics or components of Benazir income corroboration syllabus and there affects in fond, poverty backup man/reducing and parsimony of Pakistan.Benazir Income Support political program (BISP) has been initiated by Government of Pakistan with initial allocation of Rs.34 billion (US $ 425 million approximately) for the year 2008-09 which is the trey largest allocation in the total budget and is 0.3% of the gross domestic product for the year 2008-09. The Programme has been initiated to partially offset the impact of pretension on the purchasing king of the poorer sections of the high society. In the years 2005-07, inflation stood at almost 10% with intellectual nourishment inflation in the range of 13-15%. In the year 2007-08 sharp organis e in oil prices and primary products in the international as salubrious as domestic market resulted in double digit inflation rate, which has almost halved the purchasing power of the people. Hence there is urgent invite for direct and bustling relief to the poor sections of the society and BISP is the response to the above compulsions.The Programme is aimed at covering almost 15% of the entire population, which constitutes 40% of the population be slump the poverty line. A monthly payment of Rs. jet/ per family would add the income of a family earning Rs.5000 by 20%. BISP give cover all quadruplet provinces including FATA, AJK, and FANA & antiophthalmic factor ICT. Husband, wife and dependent children constitute a family. There are quite a few reasons behind this perception, the leading one beingness that the idea is fairly new and very attractive in effect to describe the role and structural factors, mechanism of Benazir income support programme. The heading and endeav or behind this study is to ultimate define the pro and cons of Benazir income support programme and their effects on Pakistan economy and what impact on poverty reduction and scotch factors? i. DescriptionThe proposed research will focus on the Benazir Income Support Programme mechanism , structure and their distribution of funds, impact on poverty reduction and alleviation, say-so of womens and economic factors. The research will ab initio be carried out locally which can be expanded to opposite major cities as and when required according to our research prerequisites. Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) working as to help the needy people of the society to a great extent and mitigate their sufferings. Some former economic experts tell the programme should provide benefit as many as terce million people will be implemented with complete transparency and beyond political affiliations.The special feature of the programme is to give antecedency to remote and backward areas where the people have fewer chances of business and employment. The organisation he said would provide maximum relief to 33 percent people living below the poverty line by keep them finished Benazir Income Support Programme. The main objective of the study is to determine both the BISP fulfill their goals in arrange of poverty alleviation/reduction, empowerment of women and social and economic factors. In order to need of this research, tools like interviews and questionnaires will be use in addition to the literature forthcoming. On the basis of these findings, evidence and outline will be made to reach to the answers of our research objectives. frugal Context2005-2007 pompousness over 10%Food Inflation 13-15%2007-2008 anoint price shock, inflation rate doubledPurchasing power since 2005 halvedInflation in 2008-2009 was above 20%Urgent need for direct and speedy reliefDemographic ContextAll 4 provinces, including FATA, AJK, FANA & ICT rest homes 25 mPopulation 166 m Assumed Poverty Line 33%Bottom 33%Bottom 20%Bottom 10%Household8.2 m5.0 m2.5 mPopulation55.0 m33.2 m17 mSource Pakistan Economic Survey, 2007-08 adjusted for AJK & FANA populationBISP hard bills TransferComplements other social protection instruments and services like health, training etc. Confers dignity and choice.Lower transaction cost and higher order to beneficiaries than in-kind support. Impacts short term food security and long term alleviation of poverty. BISP can serve as a mechanism to deliver cash assistance in times of natural disasters/ crisis in affected areas.ii. scientific ObjectivesThe main idea and objective behind this research is to find whether the Benazir income support programme have properly working in order to achieve their objective for ultimate reduction in poverty alleviation, empowering women and stabilize the economy and reduction in unemployment or other economic consequences. BISP is based on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the global ly agreed set of social and economic targets that are supposed to be realized by 2015. The idea of BISP was to submit the women into the mainstream. Besides cash help, the programme caries other benefits like health and accident insurances as thoroughly as vocational training so that the recipients ultimately become self-sufficient. The hypothesis formulated would beNull systemBenazir Income Support Programme is fully geared and fate towards in orderof reduction in poverty alleviation and empowerment of women in Pakistan. shift(a) HypothesisBenazir Income Support Programme is non fully geared and helping towards in order of reduction in poverty alleviation and empowerment of women in Pakistan. The main objectives which are intended to be completed by the end of the study are A measure to compensate low income families for reduction of purchasing power. A cash grant of Rs. 2000/ every replace month.Only one benefit per family.Empowering Women Only female recipients Female de aler of family or adult female genus Phallus of the family can be a recipient. This is not a party specific programme, it is for the people of Pakistan, because of its transparency, the entire world, and presenter agencies are cooperating and are sending their offers to us. To helping the families of the victims of bomb blasts and those of the earthquakes as well as the displaced persons from the Swat region and bajour agency and etc. To reduction in poverty alleviation.Be timely and unbiased.Temporary so as not to create dependency.Not too large, so as not to adventure work incentives or have an inflationary effect. Careful attention to excogitate and implementation.Careful monitoring and evaluation.Eligibility criteria to be predefined, transparent, easy to explain and simple to administer. definitive linkages to the some studies and work accomplished by various workers in the reach highlighted below ReferencesDr. Mukhtar Ahmad, Director General (Operations) BISP.Grosh, M., Ninno, C., Tesliuc, E. & Ouerghi, A. (2008), the Design and Implementation of efficient Safety Nets For Protection & Promotion the World Bank, Washington, D.C. www.bisp.gov.pkwww.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=2949iii. methodological analysisThe methodology involved in this research the researcher would be apply capacitance analysis both as qualitative and valued. Content analysis is part of the empirical, social scientific tradition and it is method which has been developed to look into the patterns of our study. The two major techniques of content analysis, depending on the analytical methods used, which are quantitative content analysis and qualitative content analysis. Quantitative AnalysisThe purpose of this analysis is to quantify and manifest features of a large number of media texts. qualitative analysis is generally concerned with how often a variable is presented and the substance can communicate in numbers. Which allows great precision in report the re sults? So in quantitative research process the application of incompatible test would be made and regression analysis would be used and run. Qualitative Content AnalysisThis type of content analysis contains a minimum of quantitative measurement, standardization and mathematical techniques (opposite). Qualitative analysis of content is used to explain the quantitative data and to interpret direction of the contents. step of Content AnalysisUniverse of the StudyTo define the universe is to train the boundaries of the body of content to be considered, which requires an appropriate operational definition of the germane(predicate) population. This research considers the main mechanism of Benazir income support programme in value of their characteristics, objectives, components and their effects. Sample of the StudyThe sampling would include individuals, institutions and all the other society factors. The target will be all major sources. Questionnaires.Interviews.Emails.The informa tion will be collected by specially designed interviews and questionnaires, keeping in mind the research objective. iv. Benefits/UsefulnessBISP CoverageAllocation for 2008-09 Rs 34 bn (US$ 425 m) 0.3% of GDP can coverage (3.5 million families) 15% of the population Allocation for 2009-10 Rs.70 bn (US$ 875 m)Target beneficiary families for 2009-10 5 millionPlans over the medium term to boom coverage to 7 million families by 2010-2011.Seperation of FunctionFunctional time interval for transparency and efficiency.Eligibility CriteriaMonthly income less than Rs. 6000.No family member in government activity service.Possession of no or less than 3 acres of farming(a) land or up to 3 Marlas residential property. Possession of Computerized guinea pig Identity Card.Should not be beneficiary of other support programmes.Should not have an account with a foreign bank.Should not possess a passport or an Overseas Pakistani identity card. Requirements/ConditionsIdentification of applicants / recipients by dint of democratically elected Parliamentarians. Equal number of forms distributed to each Parliamentarian.Attestation by local level representatives of Parliamentarians and Union Councilors. Screening / Verification of basic criteria through checks with National informationbase & Registration Authority (NADRA). Cost effective & quick targeting process.Benefits LevelA cash grant of Rs. 2000/ every alternate month.Rs. megabyte = 20% increase in income for family earning Rs. 5000/ pm. At prevalent prices Rs. 1000 payout is sufficient to finance 20-25 days flour needs of a family with 5-6 individuals. Rs. 1000/ pm not a labor disincentive only women family member is recipient. Emergency relief package for IDPs, victims of bomb blast and terrorist act and earthquake affected districts of balochistan.Monitoring of PaymentsInternal monitoring mechanisms of Pakistan Post Department. orthogonal Monitoring through BISP Provincial and Regional Offices. Pakistan Post reports monthly (electronically) to BISP on payments, with list/addresses of houses and name of postman making the delivery. Eligibility and Payment status available on BISP. (www.bisp.gov.pk) Implementation StatusForms Processing Status by NADRA (as of 13 July 2009) amount Forms Processed 3,736,914Total Eligible 2,122,038Total Ineligible 496,927Total Inprocess 50,600Total Withheld 1,067,3492. Year wise physical and fiscal plan of work (Phasing)The following time line shall be observed while performing the research or study 0-2 Literature and Data Review2-3 Research Design will be Formulated3-4 theory-based Frameworks Designed4-6 Collection of Data6-8 Data Analysis and Discussion8-10 Findings10-12 idea Writing and Recommendations in the light of above analysis3. Participating personnelsSir Sardar ZahidSami UllahTahir Mukhtar4. Infrastructure FacilitiesAlready AvailableCOMSATS facilities will be available, which includes parting support, library support and research. Scientific Personnel _____________________________________________ Proposed to be established facsimile Machine would be used.Scanner would be required.Photocopy would be required.2 Laptops would be required.Laser printer would be required.USB Flash Drive would be required.One portable hard drive would be required.One digital Video Cam would be required.

Housing Discrimination

Allyson J unriv solelyeds admit and Society Due October 11, 2012 Dr. Joyner accommodate, Neighborhoods and Health Disparities Corina Graif, PhD, RWJF Health & adenylic acidamp Society Scholar at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Many aspects of internal hold conditions be known to affect wellness. Limited but fundamental evidence in any case exists on the wellness implications of the socio-spatial context of lodgment.For instance, fear of aversion, crowding, neighborhood disadvantage, cordial exclusion, and residents social exchange be linked to cardiovascular and mental health, obesity, diabetes and pocket-size accept weight. In my dissertation work and related projects, I ask questions well-nigh the spatial context of neighborhood effects to investigate how the urban geographics of discrimination and cumulative spatial disadvantage shape the health and wellbeing of the inner-city silly.Several important questions approximately the neighborhood and spatial context aspect of lodging remain critical to ask in our quest to under(a)stand and lay out on the constellation of factors shaping health outcomes a) How do different spatially salient markers ( much(prenominal) as nearby presence of offense live(a)spots familiarity health centers daycargon) interact with the neighborhood context in shaping health outcomes, employment, and health precaution. f) To what extent moving woeful income families to high quality neighborhoods increases or decreases their inlet to health related resources and critical social networks and jobs?Read more about Moving to Opportunity and how neighborhoods impact residents health. http//www. rwjf. org/en/blogs/human-capital-blog/2012/01/ caparison-neighborhoods-and-health-disparities. html RACIAL discrepancy STILL HAUNTS HOUSING MARKET July 3, 2003 By Anders Hoerlyck IN THEORY, the Ameri give the axe lodging grocery store is free and open. The report found that high-interest loans, many of which be i llegal, are three propagation more likely in miser equal to(p)- income neighborhoods than in high-income areas, and cardinal times more likely in b privation neighborhoods than in albumen neighborhoods.HUD further noted that postowners in high-income black neighborhoods are six times as likely as foundationowners in upper-income vacuous neighborhoods, and twice as likely as star signowners in depressed-income uncontaminating neighborhoods, to ware high- interest loans. another(prenominal) study found that black legal residenceowners receive less value for their home bases than white homeowners. The study, which compared home value to homeowner incomes for owners of different ethnic and racial groups in the nations 100 largest cities in 1990, found that, equalizing for income, black homeowners received 18 pctage less value for their homes than white homeowners white homeowners owned $2. 4 worth(predicate) of can for every dollar of income, while black homeowners own ed lvirtuoso(prenominal) $2. 16 worth of sept. The study further revealed that the 18 portion hoo-hah imposed on black homeowners the supposed segregation tax primarily results from a high degree of racial segregation in neighborhoods. on the job(p) poor face shortage of affordable household November 10, 1996 Consider surface-to- transfer missile Brown of San Francisco, who pays more than two thirds of his monthly income to keep his family in living accommodations. lodgement officials view more than five million families are in dire psyche when it comes to paying for a place to live. The affordable lodgement shortage has change state as officials take for torn down high rise tenements, characterizing them as warehouses for the poor. Some lodgement assistance programs have helped to ease the stress. http// conditions. cnn. com/1996-11-10/us/9611_10_welfare. hold_1_affordable- trapping- admit-assistance-programs- living accommodations-officials-estimate? _s=PMUS Mid dle-income families facing living accommodations shortageToday in America more than 3 million moderate income families have a critical trapping indispensableness despite working the equivalent of a full moon-time job, said Michael Stegman, one of the authors of the study, caparison Americas Working Families. The report was commissioned by the Center for lodgment Policy, a subsidiary of the subject area Housing Conference, which is a consortium of nigh 700 home builders and home lenders from across the country. http//articles. cnn. com/2000-06-02/us/housing. shortage_1_center-for-housing-policy-critical-housing- subject field-housing-conference? s=PMUS Housing at Risk AFFORDABLE HOUSING FINANCE June 2012 What you imply to know about three key changes that could have a monumental impact on the preservation of existing affordable housing BY DONNA KIMURA AND CHRISTINE SERLIN Three key changes are poised to make a life-sized impact on the preservation of existing affordable h ousing give voicements. These saucily moves two refreshing programs and one policy change arrive at time when the affordable housing stock is shrinking. This amounts to nearly 60 percent of units with federal project- base rental assistance.Approximately 50,000 units are assisted under these programs, including about 25,000 units under the Mod Rehab program. Under the legislation, a demonstration program has been created that allows certain man housing and Sec. 8 Moderate Rehab properties to voluntarily transpose to a long-run Sec. 8 rental assistance as a means of preserving these units. They could convert to each a project-based rental assistance contract administered by HUD and be eligible for re in the buffal under the Multifamily Assisted Housing Reform and Affordability dissemble or a project-based contract with a local cosmos housing authority.As many as 60,000 units of macrocosm housing and Sec. 8 Mod Rehab housing may be converted under a competitive picking proc ess. FHA PILOT PROGRAM Centerline Capital Group provided about $2 million in low-income housing tax credit equity. The federal Housing Administration (FHA) has recently launched a pilot program that aims to speed up the processing time for FHA-backed deals that use low income housing tax assign (LIHTCs). NONPROFIT SALES PROCEEDS During the 1960s and 1970s, HUD worked with nonprofits to finance thousands of properties under its mortgage insurance programs, including Sec. 21(d)(3), Sec. 231, and Sec. 236 of the National Housing diddle. HUD reports that nonprofits own 39 percent of all Sec. 236 and 221(d) (3) properties with maturing mortgages. More than 700 of these properties have mortgages that will mature within the next 10 years, representing roughly 80,000 affordable housing units, including 42,000 with project-based rental assistance. Historically, thither have been restrictions on nonprofit owners receiving proceeds from the sale of FHA-insured properties. ttp//www. housingf inance. com/ahf/articles/2012/june/0612-special-focus-Housing-At-Risk. htm Growth through execrable Income Housing Published on Wednesday, October 31, 2007 Written by Trista Winnie Low income housing makes housing more accessible for many families There is a gross misconception that low income housing today is of the same quality as the low income housing projects of the past. This misconception is a hurdle that low income housing developers and advocates have to work disenfranchised to overcome.Often, community members try to prevent low income housing from coming to their area, assuming that the stereotype that low income housing equals low quality housing is true. Low income residents have their own fears about lieu values. When planning a low income housing development within a community, all kinds of fears come out, Greer said. conflate use projects, incorporating low income housing and retail, are gaining popularity Another way in which developers are gaining acceptance is through production of mixed income developments, rather than rigorously low income developments. Affordable housing is a problem for every community because the cost of housing and the sale prices of houses are going up straightaway than incomes. Low income housing developments that seek to be eligible for tax impute are required to be desex aside as low income housing for a minimum of 30 years, fit in to the Danter Company. Financing is besides available for other types of low income housing through programs such as tax credit allocations, partnerships, low interest loans, grants and donations. For more on the accept VI program and other sources of low income housing financing, see our article on Financing Low Income Housing Projects. ) The rehabbing of rundown low income housing projects is just one avenue through which developers can be concern in low income housing, but it should serve as an overall bill for all investors that the low income housing industry is not a exciting one. Communities and sources of funding both favor those who are experienced in low income housing. Competition for low-income housing funds is fierce. http//www. uwireinvestor. com/articles/low-income-housing-51313. aspx Housing discrimination widespread among incapacitate, immigrants, minorities, others whitethorn 07, 2012Yvonne Wenger A survey of 549 community-based organizations suggests that housing discrimination is on the rise, particularly targeting disabled individuals, immigrants, minorities and families with chelaren, according to the nonprofit Consumer Action. Housing discrimination is all too hot and well in the United States today, Ken McEldowney, executive director, Consumer Action, said in a statement.Forty-eight percent of surveyed organizations called housing discrimination very serious. Forty percent said housing discrimination has at peace(p) up in the break down two years 11 percent said discrimination has gone down. http//articles. baltimoresun. com/2012-05-07/business/bal-housing-discrimination-widespread-among-disabled-immigrants-minorities-others-20120504_1_housing-discrimination-minorities-and-families-baltimore-neighborhoods Report September 2007 New Housing, Income Inequality, and Distressed Metropolitan AreasBetween 1970 and 2000, both discommode and non-distressed metropolitan areas with chop-chop evolution income inequality experienced rapidly growing residential segregation by income. In distressed metropolitan areas surrounded by 1970 and 2000, rising income segregation was associated with excess housing construction. In non-distressed metropolitan areas, there was no relationship amid income segregation and excess housing construction. Rising income inequality and neighborhood income segregation accounted for 16 to 50 percent of new construction in distressed metropolitan areas between 1970 and 2000.Policies that abbreviate income inequality can help reduce overbuilding and income segregation in distresse d areas. http//www. brookings. edu/research/reports/2007/09/newhousing-watson The Links between Income Inequality, Housing Markets and Homelessness in California The housing market rapidly rising rents, the declining issuance of low-income rental units in the housing stock, and deceleration in federal housing programs. Homelessness in California rear Quigley, Steven that growing income inequality working through homelessness.Income inequality has grown well Distribution of Income in California (1996). Of Californias income distribution suggests that there income distribution. Better-quality housing, enter the sink-quality market, and the resulting high(prenominal) rents suggest very low incomes can no longer afford housing and are forced that affect homelessness associated with great homelessness. The links between income inequality and homelessness, income in a number of locations high and incomes move lower), the greater the incidence of homelessness response to changes in income distribution.Decrease the intermediate income of households in the lowest fifth increases in the homeless population. Policy Interventions which policy interventions in the housing market can lower homelessness judge one twist in federal programs strengthened housing rates on lower-quality housing to encourage landlords to of income (currently 30 percent) in units available on the study uses pretext models to explore how homelessness under Section 8) to all low-income households, targeted barely-standard housing, and a general criminal maintenance subsidy the landlord programs maintenance program.The lead for and price of the lowest-quality housing, forcing out the lowest-income renters responses identified higher(prenominal) up would go to low-income households to make low-quality housing more affordable and thereby, Section 8 program and by compensating local governments very low end of the housing stock. www. ppic. org/main/publication. asp? i=211 Claudio Frischtak Benjamin R. Mandel Crime, House Prices, and Inequality The put together of UPPs in Rio January 2012 Residential lieu prices are an important gauge of scotch conditions writ large.Propertys location determinants of house prices can alter the level and dispersion of household wealth connection between curse and house prices. Document the relationship between shame and house prices. Distributional consequences of removing the public bad of horror that is, the removal of crime the degree of overall inequality among place values. Crime rate a dynamic model of shoes valuation. Our empirical work will come out that decreasing crime does, in fact, benefit lower valued properties disproportionately, reducing the inequality among properties.House prices for the city of Rio de Janeiro since 2008. some(prenominal) homicides and robberies coefficient measures the level of inequality of house prices across Rios neighborhoods. It objective of crime reduction residential property prices in Rios formal housing market, as well as on homicide and robbery rates in each of Rios neighborhoods, we formally test the hypotheses that Neighborhoods closer to a UPP grade experienced larger than add up decreases in crime and larger than average increases in house prices after the UPP was put into place.Prices increased by an average of 5-10 percent, homicides decreased by an average of 10-25 results to construct counterfactual price and crime rates and, with those, city-wide statistics. We note that since we do not observe house prices skyrocketing residential property prices in the formal housing markets surrounding the favelas. Having established that the UPPs influenced crime and house prices in opposite directions house prices. Returns to crime reduction this implies that properties with either high initial crime rates or current property values.This treatment of the dynamic transmission of crime rates into house prices is preferably duration of crime rates in the past l ower initial crime rates with low historical duration gives rise to the biggest increases in price when the crime rate declines. Implementation of the UPP policy counterfactual house prices described above shows that the disparity in house prices across airing in property prices within those neighborhoods narrowed, suggesting that even change in the crime rate.Works identifying the impact of crime and violence on property prices, with the paper by exploit both spatial and temporal variation in crime data to identify the effect on house prices, persistence of historical crime rates. The present study uses more disaggregate price data, at on the implications of crime for the dispersion of house prices. First draw connection between crime reduction and wealth inequality. Our empirical measurement of the crime catch of house prices is connected to a crime rate as exogenic, which ay have biased the elasticity estimates if, for example, crime occurs disproportionately in poorer neighbo rhoods with low property values or, conversely, if criminals target areas with higher-priced homes. (2009) found 12 instances in of a set of 18 empirical studies relating house prices and crime variation around an exogenous policy experiment, the UPPs in Rio to historical crime rates or the levels of property prices is a reasonable instrument for the effect of crime on house prices. www. newyorkfed. org/research/staff_reports/sr542.Housing and inequalities in health Professor Hoyden-Chapman The existence of debilitating inequalities in health across social groups has become the first law of public health. People privileged by more education, income, the dominant ethnicity, higher stead jobs, and housing standards, have meliorate health than those with less education and income, minority ethnicity, lower status jobs, and poorer housing. Focusing on housing and neighborhood melioratements have historically been key policy instruments to improve population health.Housing tenure ha s been associated with health in a number of studiesthose who rent their houses appear to have poorer health than those who own their houses even after controlling for age, gender, and education. 5Housing for around households is their largest monthly use of goods and services and housing cost in the survey were related to health. The psychosocial aspects of housing such as pride in a house and neighborhood showed an link with health status only before controlling for other variables.Several multilevel studies have shown that some neighborhoods are indeed bad for quite a littles health. 6Surveys to explore new associations and intervention studies to test causal links between housing and health are important. The social and economic aspects of housing, and the lack of it, continue to play an important part in generating inequalities in health. http//jech. bmj. com/content/56/9/645. full ballpark Building Saves $$$ Developers open their books to show low operating costs at yard properties BY BENDIX ANDERSONAFFORDABLE HOUSING FINANCE April 2008 Thanks to these zilch savings, the reserve accounts of the 600 super C affordable flats in the portfolio of Homestead Capital are an average 36 percent larger than the rest of Homesteads affordable portfolio. The flatbeds were reinforced to a variety of green standards. Early operating data from the green portfolio of Enterprise Community Partners, Inc. , shows energy savings of up to 40 percent, compared to properties built to the standards of local building codes.Of course, the biggest energy savings are at projects built to the toughest green standards. Denny Park in addition meets the demanding standards set by Enterprise for its Green Communities investments. It cost Denny Parks owners, the Seattle-based Low Income Housing implant (LIHI), a total of $1,000 per apartment in utility expenses to operate Denny Park in 2007, from electricity to hot urine to ice rink pickup. Thats as much as $200 per apartme nt lower than the utility costs at LIHIs other affordable properties.Conserving urine green developers and investors also report steep savings on their piddle bills, which are 35 percent to 40 percent less on average than water costs at comparable properties, according to info from the portfolio of green properties in Enterprises Green Communities Initiative. Denny Park racked up savings, with water and toilette costs of $188 per resident, compared to $235 and $322 per resident at LIHIs comparable properties. Saving water also helps keep the hot water heating costs down.Denny Parks hot water bill was just $133 per apartment in 2007, roughly a depict less than at LIHIs comparable properties. It cost $102 per apartment to haul trash away from Denny Park in 2007. Green projects have low turnover Tenants are also less likely to move out of green affordable housing properties, according to developers. Many residents appreciate the improved air quality at green building projects, sai d Oberdorfer. http//www. housingfinance. com/ahf/articles/2008/apr/FOCUSGREENBUILDINGSAVES0408. htm Towns get new deadline for affordable housing July 01, 2004Last year, the General Assembly passed the Affordable Housing formulation and Appeal Act, which encourages municipalities with less than 10 percent affordable housing to develop a plan to increase that percentage. http//articles. chicagotribune. com/2004-07-01/ parole program/0407010376_1_municipalities-towns-percentage-points HUD program to target jobs for poor residents November 23, 1993By Eric Siegel Eric Siegel, Staff Writer Baltimore will serve as a pilot program for a national effort to channel more federal housing funds toward low-income residents and minority businesses, officials announced yesterday.HUD also promised stricter enforcement of the so-called Section 3 requirement, part of the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968. HUD estimates the federal bullion could support 300 low-income jobs in the city. Cit y housing officials could not immediately say how much of the federal housing money the city receives goes to fulfilling the Section 3 requirement. Of 85 city residents hired to amend units at Cherry Hill Homes, 26 were public housing residents, they said. http//articles. baltimoresun. com/1993-11-23/news/1993327087_1_public-housing-residents-federal-housing-housing-and-urban Census housing disparities continueBy Brandt Williams Minnesota Public Radio September 17, 2002 For most Americans, the value of their home is their prime source of wealth. During the 1990s, a booming preservation and buyer-friendly housing market helped many Minnesotans build thousands of dollars in home equity. They were able to buy at low prices and watch the value of their homes skyrocket. Goetz says home values remain lower in those neighborhoods than in predominantly white areas, where the demand for homes is higher. Census figures show the statewide median home value for African Americans is $106,000, which is sparingly higher than for Hispanics.American Indians have the lowest statewide median home value, at $78,000. Asian American home values remain slightly higher than that of whites. In Hennepin County, home of the states largest concentration of people of color, African American home values are the lowest at $103,000. Goetz says this gap in home values will feed future economic gaps between whites and people of color, because home equity is passed on from generation to generation. In 1990, white home values were 3 percent higher than those of Hispanics and 6 percent higher than for African Americans. ttp//news. minnesota. publicradio. org/features/200209/17_williamsb_censushousing Environ Health Perspect. 2005 May 113(5) A310A317 PMCID PMC1257572 Environews Focus domicil Disparities How Poor Housing Leads to Poor Health For most Americans, the value of their home is their prime source of wealth. During the 1990s, a booming economy and buyer-friendly housing market helped m any Minnesotans build thousands of dollars in home equity. They were able to buy at low prices and watch the value of their homes skyrocket.Goetz says home values remain lower in those neighborhoods than in predominantly white areas, where the demand for homes is higher. Census figures show the statewide median home value for African Americans is $106,000, which is slightly higher than for Hispanics. American Indians have the lowest statewide median home value, at $78,000. Asian American home values remain slightly higher than that of whites. In Hennepin County, home of the states largest concentration of people of color, African American home values are the lowest at $103,000.Goetz says this gap in home values will feed future economic gaps between whites and people of color, because home equity is passed on from generation to generation. In 1990, white home values were 3 percent higher than those of Hispanics and 6 percent higher than for African Americans. http//www. ncbi. nlm. n ih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1257572 Disparities in Risk To a large extent, disparities in health and access to care among minorities reflect disparities in socioeconomic status. The fact that minority populations on average are poorer than whites underlies many health disparities.Health insurance reportage and access to preventive care play a major image in determining health outcomes. Although insurance coverage improves access to health care, minority children have less access to primary medical care than white children, even after accounting for differences in insurance coverage, according to the Kaiser Family Foundation Report. Inadequate routine and preventive care increases a childs incidence and burden of disease. Hospitalization for bronchial asthma generally is avertible if the disease is well managed.Poverty, deficient housing, inadequate access to health care, lack of education, and failure to adequately control asthma with medication all conduct to asthma episodes and de aths. Ethnic minorities also experience poorer cancer survival rates than whites. According to the American Cancer Society, cancer mortality rates are 40 percent higher for African-American men than white men. Efforts to fend off health disparities are underway both nationally and locally. NIEHS and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases have supported several urban asthma studies. Many states also have created offices languageing minority health.The HHS OMH funds health projects conducted by minority community and national organizations, maintains minority health consultants in HHS regional Offices, and operates a Resource Center on minority health issues. The National Institutes of Health also has a National Center on nonage Health and Health Disparities to coordinate research, training, and outreach programs surrounding health disparities. Due to the sacrosanct link between socioeconomic status and health disparities, programs designed to improve the socioec onomic status of minorities also could help to reduce health disparities.Focusing on properties that pose the greatest health risks, which are overwhelmingly older, low-income, and in substandard condition, will yield the greatest improvement in health outcomes and address the striking health disparities borne by low-income and minority families. http//www. afhh. org/ifc/ifc_disparities. htm A growing number allege unsporting treatment in housing market Updated 9/29/2007 Nearly 40 years after a national law banned housing discrimination, an increasing number of complaints are alleging unfair treatment of minorities, the disabled, families and other groups.The Department of Housing and Urban Development and housing assistance agencies logged 10,328 complaints last year, a 12% jump from 2005. Between 2002 and 2006, heptad states and the District of Columbia averaged more than 10 housing discrimination complaints per 100,000 housing units, according to the GNS analysis. The average state rate was 7. 6 complaints per 100,000 units. The 1968 Fair Housing Act, amended in 1988, bans discrimination in the housing market based on disability, race, sex, national origin, religion, skin color or whether a family has children.Reasons for the growing number of discrimination complaints vary, housing officials say. Agencys performance criticized Last year, 36% of the complaints to HUD were settled. Federal officials and fair housing advocates say its difficult to know whether housing discrimination is on the rise in a particular area. Private housing groups also get complaints that arent included in the data. In almost one third of counties, no housing discrimination complaints were filed with HUD or its contract agencies between 2002 and 2006. Housing discrimination complaints related to disability are as common as those related to race.Nationally, disability-related cases accounted for 40% of complaints filed with HUD and its contract agencies last year. Race-related complaints accounted for 39%. Housing experts expect disability complaints to climb as the nations population ages and older Americans better understand their housing rights. Last year, HUD dismissed 40% of complaints, citing lack of evidence. wiz reason may be that housing discrimination today can be subtler. HUD must investigate discrimination complaints within 100 days. http//usatoday30. usatoday. com/news/nation/2007-09-28-housing-main_N. htm