Housing Discrimination

Allyson J unriv solelyeds admit and Society Due October 11, 2012 Dr. Joyner accommodate, Neighborhoods and Health Disparities Corina Graif, PhD, RWJF Health & adenylic acidamp Society Scholar at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Many aspects of internal hold conditions be known to affect wellness. Limited but fundamental evidence in any case exists on the wellness implications of the socio-spatial context of lodgment.For instance, fear of aversion, crowding, neighborhood disadvantage, cordial exclusion, and residents social exchange be linked to cardiovascular and mental health, obesity, diabetes and pocket-size accept weight. In my dissertation work and related projects, I ask questions well-nigh the spatial context of neighborhood effects to investigate how the urban geographics of discrimination and cumulative spatial disadvantage shape the health and wellbeing of the inner-city silly.Several important questions approximately the neighborhood and spatial context aspect of lodging remain critical to ask in our quest to under(a)stand and lay out on the constellation of factors shaping health outcomes a) How do different spatially salient markers ( much(prenominal) as nearby presence of offense live(a)spots familiarity health centers daycargon) interact with the neighborhood context in shaping health outcomes, employment, and health precaution. f) To what extent moving woeful income families to high quality neighborhoods increases or decreases their inlet to health related resources and critical social networks and jobs?Read more about Moving to Opportunity and how neighborhoods impact residents health. http//www. rwjf. org/en/blogs/human-capital-blog/2012/01/ caparison-neighborhoods-and-health-disparities. html RACIAL discrepancy STILL HAUNTS HOUSING MARKET July 3, 2003 By Anders Hoerlyck IN THEORY, the Ameri give the axe lodging grocery store is free and open. The report found that high-interest loans, many of which be i llegal, are three propagation more likely in miser equal to(p)- income neighborhoods than in high-income areas, and cardinal times more likely in b privation neighborhoods than in albumen neighborhoods.HUD further noted that postowners in high-income black neighborhoods are six times as likely as foundationowners in upper-income vacuous neighborhoods, and twice as likely as star signowners in depressed-income uncontaminating neighborhoods, to ware high- interest loans. another(prenominal) study found that black legal residenceowners receive less value for their home bases than white homeowners. The study, which compared home value to homeowner incomes for owners of different ethnic and racial groups in the nations 100 largest cities in 1990, found that, equalizing for income, black homeowners received 18 pctage less value for their homes than white homeowners white homeowners owned $2. 4 worth(predicate) of can for every dollar of income, while black homeowners own ed lvirtuoso(prenominal) $2. 16 worth of sept. The study further revealed that the 18 portion hoo-hah imposed on black homeowners the supposed segregation tax primarily results from a high degree of racial segregation in neighborhoods. on the job(p) poor face shortage of affordable household November 10, 1996 Consider surface-to- transfer missile Brown of San Francisco, who pays more than two thirds of his monthly income to keep his family in living accommodations. lodgement officials view more than five million families are in dire psyche when it comes to paying for a place to live. The affordable lodgement shortage has change state as officials take for torn down high rise tenements, characterizing them as warehouses for the poor. Some lodgement assistance programs have helped to ease the stress. http// conditions. cnn. com/1996-11-10/us/9611_10_welfare. hold_1_affordable- trapping- admit-assistance-programs- living accommodations-officials-estimate? _s=PMUS Mid dle-income families facing living accommodations shortageToday in America more than 3 million moderate income families have a critical trapping indispensableness despite working the equivalent of a full moon-time job, said Michael Stegman, one of the authors of the study, caparison Americas Working Families. The report was commissioned by the Center for lodgment Policy, a subsidiary of the subject area Housing Conference, which is a consortium of nigh 700 home builders and home lenders from across the country. http//articles. cnn. com/2000-06-02/us/housing. shortage_1_center-for-housing-policy-critical-housing- subject field-housing-conference? s=PMUS Housing at Risk AFFORDABLE HOUSING FINANCE June 2012 What you imply to know about three key changes that could have a monumental impact on the preservation of existing affordable housing BY DONNA KIMURA AND CHRISTINE SERLIN Three key changes are poised to make a life-sized impact on the preservation of existing affordable h ousing give voicements. These saucily moves two refreshing programs and one policy change arrive at time when the affordable housing stock is shrinking. This amounts to nearly 60 percent of units with federal project- base rental assistance.Approximately 50,000 units are assisted under these programs, including about 25,000 units under the Mod Rehab program. Under the legislation, a demonstration program has been created that allows certain man housing and Sec. 8 Moderate Rehab properties to voluntarily transpose to a long-run Sec. 8 rental assistance as a means of preserving these units. They could convert to each a project-based rental assistance contract administered by HUD and be eligible for re in the buffal under the Multifamily Assisted Housing Reform and Affordability dissemble or a project-based contract with a local cosmos housing authority.As many as 60,000 units of macrocosm housing and Sec. 8 Mod Rehab housing may be converted under a competitive picking proc ess. FHA PILOT PROGRAM Centerline Capital Group provided about $2 million in low-income housing tax credit equity. The federal Housing Administration (FHA) has recently launched a pilot program that aims to speed up the processing time for FHA-backed deals that use low income housing tax assign (LIHTCs). NONPROFIT SALES PROCEEDS During the 1960s and 1970s, HUD worked with nonprofits to finance thousands of properties under its mortgage insurance programs, including Sec. 21(d)(3), Sec. 231, and Sec. 236 of the National Housing diddle. HUD reports that nonprofits own 39 percent of all Sec. 236 and 221(d) (3) properties with maturing mortgages. More than 700 of these properties have mortgages that will mature within the next 10 years, representing roughly 80,000 affordable housing units, including 42,000 with project-based rental assistance. Historically, thither have been restrictions on nonprofit owners receiving proceeds from the sale of FHA-insured properties. ttp//www. housingf inance. com/ahf/articles/2012/june/0612-special-focus-Housing-At-Risk. htm Growth through execrable Income Housing Published on Wednesday, October 31, 2007 Written by Trista Winnie Low income housing makes housing more accessible for many families There is a gross misconception that low income housing today is of the same quality as the low income housing projects of the past. This misconception is a hurdle that low income housing developers and advocates have to work disenfranchised to overcome.Often, community members try to prevent low income housing from coming to their area, assuming that the stereotype that low income housing equals low quality housing is true. Low income residents have their own fears about lieu values. When planning a low income housing development within a community, all kinds of fears come out, Greer said. conflate use projects, incorporating low income housing and retail, are gaining popularity Another way in which developers are gaining acceptance is through production of mixed income developments, rather than rigorously low income developments. Affordable housing is a problem for every community because the cost of housing and the sale prices of houses are going up straightaway than incomes. Low income housing developments that seek to be eligible for tax impute are required to be desex aside as low income housing for a minimum of 30 years, fit in to the Danter Company. Financing is besides available for other types of low income housing through programs such as tax credit allocations, partnerships, low interest loans, grants and donations. For more on the accept VI program and other sources of low income housing financing, see our article on Financing Low Income Housing Projects. ) The rehabbing of rundown low income housing projects is just one avenue through which developers can be concern in low income housing, but it should serve as an overall bill for all investors that the low income housing industry is not a exciting one. Communities and sources of funding both favor those who are experienced in low income housing. Competition for low-income housing funds is fierce. http//www. uwireinvestor. com/articles/low-income-housing-51313. aspx Housing discrimination widespread among incapacitate, immigrants, minorities, others whitethorn 07, 2012Yvonne Wenger A survey of 549 community-based organizations suggests that housing discrimination is on the rise, particularly targeting disabled individuals, immigrants, minorities and families with chelaren, according to the nonprofit Consumer Action. Housing discrimination is all too hot and well in the United States today, Ken McEldowney, executive director, Consumer Action, said in a statement.Forty-eight percent of surveyed organizations called housing discrimination very serious. Forty percent said housing discrimination has at peace(p) up in the break down two years 11 percent said discrimination has gone down. http//articles. baltimoresun. com/2012-05-07/business/bal-housing-discrimination-widespread-among-disabled-immigrants-minorities-others-20120504_1_housing-discrimination-minorities-and-families-baltimore-neighborhoods Report September 2007 New Housing, Income Inequality, and Distressed Metropolitan AreasBetween 1970 and 2000, both discommode and non-distressed metropolitan areas with chop-chop evolution income inequality experienced rapidly growing residential segregation by income. In distressed metropolitan areas surrounded by 1970 and 2000, rising income segregation was associated with excess housing construction. In non-distressed metropolitan areas, there was no relationship amid income segregation and excess housing construction. Rising income inequality and neighborhood income segregation accounted for 16 to 50 percent of new construction in distressed metropolitan areas between 1970 and 2000.Policies that abbreviate income inequality can help reduce overbuilding and income segregation in distresse d areas. http//www. brookings. edu/research/reports/2007/09/newhousing-watson The Links between Income Inequality, Housing Markets and Homelessness in California The housing market rapidly rising rents, the declining issuance of low-income rental units in the housing stock, and deceleration in federal housing programs. Homelessness in California rear Quigley, Steven that growing income inequality working through homelessness.Income inequality has grown well Distribution of Income in California (1996). Of Californias income distribution suggests that there income distribution. Better-quality housing, enter the sink-quality market, and the resulting high(prenominal) rents suggest very low incomes can no longer afford housing and are forced that affect homelessness associated with great homelessness. The links between income inequality and homelessness, income in a number of locations high and incomes move lower), the greater the incidence of homelessness response to changes in income distribution.Decrease the intermediate income of households in the lowest fifth increases in the homeless population. Policy Interventions which policy interventions in the housing market can lower homelessness judge one twist in federal programs strengthened housing rates on lower-quality housing to encourage landlords to of income (currently 30 percent) in units available on the study uses pretext models to explore how homelessness under Section 8) to all low-income households, targeted barely-standard housing, and a general criminal maintenance subsidy the landlord programs maintenance program.The lead for and price of the lowest-quality housing, forcing out the lowest-income renters responses identified higher(prenominal) up would go to low-income households to make low-quality housing more affordable and thereby, Section 8 program and by compensating local governments very low end of the housing stock. www. ppic. org/main/publication. asp? i=211 Claudio Frischtak Benjamin R. Mandel Crime, House Prices, and Inequality The put together of UPPs in Rio January 2012 Residential lieu prices are an important gauge of scotch conditions writ large.Propertys location determinants of house prices can alter the level and dispersion of household wealth connection between curse and house prices. Document the relationship between shame and house prices. Distributional consequences of removing the public bad of horror that is, the removal of crime the degree of overall inequality among place values. Crime rate a dynamic model of shoes valuation. Our empirical work will come out that decreasing crime does, in fact, benefit lower valued properties disproportionately, reducing the inequality among properties.House prices for the city of Rio de Janeiro since 2008. some(prenominal) homicides and robberies coefficient measures the level of inequality of house prices across Rios neighborhoods. It objective of crime reduction residential property prices in Rios formal housing market, as well as on homicide and robbery rates in each of Rios neighborhoods, we formally test the hypotheses that Neighborhoods closer to a UPP grade experienced larger than add up decreases in crime and larger than average increases in house prices after the UPP was put into place.Prices increased by an average of 5-10 percent, homicides decreased by an average of 10-25 results to construct counterfactual price and crime rates and, with those, city-wide statistics. We note that since we do not observe house prices skyrocketing residential property prices in the formal housing markets surrounding the favelas. Having established that the UPPs influenced crime and house prices in opposite directions house prices. Returns to crime reduction this implies that properties with either high initial crime rates or current property values.This treatment of the dynamic transmission of crime rates into house prices is preferably duration of crime rates in the past l ower initial crime rates with low historical duration gives rise to the biggest increases in price when the crime rate declines. Implementation of the UPP policy counterfactual house prices described above shows that the disparity in house prices across airing in property prices within those neighborhoods narrowed, suggesting that even change in the crime rate.Works identifying the impact of crime and violence on property prices, with the paper by exploit both spatial and temporal variation in crime data to identify the effect on house prices, persistence of historical crime rates. The present study uses more disaggregate price data, at on the implications of crime for the dispersion of house prices. First draw connection between crime reduction and wealth inequality. Our empirical measurement of the crime catch of house prices is connected to a crime rate as exogenic, which ay have biased the elasticity estimates if, for example, crime occurs disproportionately in poorer neighbo rhoods with low property values or, conversely, if criminals target areas with higher-priced homes. (2009) found 12 instances in of a set of 18 empirical studies relating house prices and crime variation around an exogenous policy experiment, the UPPs in Rio to historical crime rates or the levels of property prices is a reasonable instrument for the effect of crime on house prices. www. newyorkfed. org/research/staff_reports/sr542.Housing and inequalities in health Professor Hoyden-Chapman The existence of debilitating inequalities in health across social groups has become the first law of public health. People privileged by more education, income, the dominant ethnicity, higher stead jobs, and housing standards, have meliorate health than those with less education and income, minority ethnicity, lower status jobs, and poorer housing. Focusing on housing and neighborhood melioratements have historically been key policy instruments to improve population health.Housing tenure ha s been associated with health in a number of studiesthose who rent their houses appear to have poorer health than those who own their houses even after controlling for age, gender, and education. 5Housing for around households is their largest monthly use of goods and services and housing cost in the survey were related to health. The psychosocial aspects of housing such as pride in a house and neighborhood showed an link with health status only before controlling for other variables.Several multilevel studies have shown that some neighborhoods are indeed bad for quite a littles health. 6Surveys to explore new associations and intervention studies to test causal links between housing and health are important. The social and economic aspects of housing, and the lack of it, continue to play an important part in generating inequalities in health. http//jech. bmj. com/content/56/9/645. full ballpark Building Saves $$$ Developers open their books to show low operating costs at yard properties BY BENDIX ANDERSONAFFORDABLE HOUSING FINANCE April 2008 Thanks to these zilch savings, the reserve accounts of the 600 super C affordable flats in the portfolio of Homestead Capital are an average 36 percent larger than the rest of Homesteads affordable portfolio. The flatbeds were reinforced to a variety of green standards. Early operating data from the green portfolio of Enterprise Community Partners, Inc. , shows energy savings of up to 40 percent, compared to properties built to the standards of local building codes.Of course, the biggest energy savings are at projects built to the toughest green standards. Denny Park in addition meets the demanding standards set by Enterprise for its Green Communities investments. It cost Denny Parks owners, the Seattle-based Low Income Housing implant (LIHI), a total of $1,000 per apartment in utility expenses to operate Denny Park in 2007, from electricity to hot urine to ice rink pickup. Thats as much as $200 per apartme nt lower than the utility costs at LIHIs other affordable properties.Conserving urine green developers and investors also report steep savings on their piddle bills, which are 35 percent to 40 percent less on average than water costs at comparable properties, according to info from the portfolio of green properties in Enterprises Green Communities Initiative. Denny Park racked up savings, with water and toilette costs of $188 per resident, compared to $235 and $322 per resident at LIHIs comparable properties. Saving water also helps keep the hot water heating costs down.Denny Parks hot water bill was just $133 per apartment in 2007, roughly a depict less than at LIHIs comparable properties. It cost $102 per apartment to haul trash away from Denny Park in 2007. Green projects have low turnover Tenants are also less likely to move out of green affordable housing properties, according to developers. Many residents appreciate the improved air quality at green building projects, sai d Oberdorfer. http//www. housingfinance. com/ahf/articles/2008/apr/FOCUSGREENBUILDINGSAVES0408. htm Towns get new deadline for affordable housing July 01, 2004Last year, the General Assembly passed the Affordable Housing formulation and Appeal Act, which encourages municipalities with less than 10 percent affordable housing to develop a plan to increase that percentage. http//articles. chicagotribune. com/2004-07-01/ parole program/0407010376_1_municipalities-towns-percentage-points HUD program to target jobs for poor residents November 23, 1993By Eric Siegel Eric Siegel, Staff Writer Baltimore will serve as a pilot program for a national effort to channel more federal housing funds toward low-income residents and minority businesses, officials announced yesterday.HUD also promised stricter enforcement of the so-called Section 3 requirement, part of the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968. HUD estimates the federal bullion could support 300 low-income jobs in the city. Cit y housing officials could not immediately say how much of the federal housing money the city receives goes to fulfilling the Section 3 requirement. Of 85 city residents hired to amend units at Cherry Hill Homes, 26 were public housing residents, they said. http//articles. baltimoresun. com/1993-11-23/news/1993327087_1_public-housing-residents-federal-housing-housing-and-urban Census housing disparities continueBy Brandt Williams Minnesota Public Radio September 17, 2002 For most Americans, the value of their home is their prime source of wealth. During the 1990s, a booming preservation and buyer-friendly housing market helped many Minnesotans build thousands of dollars in home equity. They were able to buy at low prices and watch the value of their homes skyrocket. Goetz says home values remain lower in those neighborhoods than in predominantly white areas, where the demand for homes is higher. Census figures show the statewide median home value for African Americans is $106,000, which is sparingly higher than for Hispanics.American Indians have the lowest statewide median home value, at $78,000. Asian American home values remain slightly higher than that of whites. In Hennepin County, home of the states largest concentration of people of color, African American home values are the lowest at $103,000. Goetz says this gap in home values will feed future economic gaps between whites and people of color, because home equity is passed on from generation to generation. In 1990, white home values were 3 percent higher than those of Hispanics and 6 percent higher than for African Americans. ttp//news. minnesota. publicradio. org/features/200209/17_williamsb_censushousing Environ Health Perspect. 2005 May 113(5) A310A317 PMCID PMC1257572 Environews Focus domicil Disparities How Poor Housing Leads to Poor Health For most Americans, the value of their home is their prime source of wealth. During the 1990s, a booming economy and buyer-friendly housing market helped m any Minnesotans build thousands of dollars in home equity. They were able to buy at low prices and watch the value of their homes skyrocket.Goetz says home values remain lower in those neighborhoods than in predominantly white areas, where the demand for homes is higher. Census figures show the statewide median home value for African Americans is $106,000, which is slightly higher than for Hispanics. American Indians have the lowest statewide median home value, at $78,000. Asian American home values remain slightly higher than that of whites. In Hennepin County, home of the states largest concentration of people of color, African American home values are the lowest at $103,000.Goetz says this gap in home values will feed future economic gaps between whites and people of color, because home equity is passed on from generation to generation. In 1990, white home values were 3 percent higher than those of Hispanics and 6 percent higher than for African Americans. http//www. ncbi. nlm. n ih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1257572 Disparities in Risk To a large extent, disparities in health and access to care among minorities reflect disparities in socioeconomic status. The fact that minority populations on average are poorer than whites underlies many health disparities.Health insurance reportage and access to preventive care play a major image in determining health outcomes. Although insurance coverage improves access to health care, minority children have less access to primary medical care than white children, even after accounting for differences in insurance coverage, according to the Kaiser Family Foundation Report. Inadequate routine and preventive care increases a childs incidence and burden of disease. Hospitalization for bronchial asthma generally is avertible if the disease is well managed.Poverty, deficient housing, inadequate access to health care, lack of education, and failure to adequately control asthma with medication all conduct to asthma episodes and de aths. Ethnic minorities also experience poorer cancer survival rates than whites. According to the American Cancer Society, cancer mortality rates are 40 percent higher for African-American men than white men. Efforts to fend off health disparities are underway both nationally and locally. NIEHS and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases have supported several urban asthma studies. Many states also have created offices languageing minority health.The HHS OMH funds health projects conducted by minority community and national organizations, maintains minority health consultants in HHS regional Offices, and operates a Resource Center on minority health issues. The National Institutes of Health also has a National Center on nonage Health and Health Disparities to coordinate research, training, and outreach programs surrounding health disparities. Due to the sacrosanct link between socioeconomic status and health disparities, programs designed to improve the socioec onomic status of minorities also could help to reduce health disparities.Focusing on properties that pose the greatest health risks, which are overwhelmingly older, low-income, and in substandard condition, will yield the greatest improvement in health outcomes and address the striking health disparities borne by low-income and minority families. http//www. afhh. org/ifc/ifc_disparities. htm A growing number allege unsporting treatment in housing market Updated 9/29/2007 Nearly 40 years after a national law banned housing discrimination, an increasing number of complaints are alleging unfair treatment of minorities, the disabled, families and other groups.The Department of Housing and Urban Development and housing assistance agencies logged 10,328 complaints last year, a 12% jump from 2005. Between 2002 and 2006, heptad states and the District of Columbia averaged more than 10 housing discrimination complaints per 100,000 housing units, according to the GNS analysis. The average state rate was 7. 6 complaints per 100,000 units. The 1968 Fair Housing Act, amended in 1988, bans discrimination in the housing market based on disability, race, sex, national origin, religion, skin color or whether a family has children.Reasons for the growing number of discrimination complaints vary, housing officials say. Agencys performance criticized Last year, 36% of the complaints to HUD were settled. Federal officials and fair housing advocates say its difficult to know whether housing discrimination is on the rise in a particular area. Private housing groups also get complaints that arent included in the data. In almost one third of counties, no housing discrimination complaints were filed with HUD or its contract agencies between 2002 and 2006. Housing discrimination complaints related to disability are as common as those related to race.Nationally, disability-related cases accounted for 40% of complaints filed with HUD and its contract agencies last year. Race-related complaints accounted for 39%. Housing experts expect disability complaints to climb as the nations population ages and older Americans better understand their housing rights. Last year, HUD dismissed 40% of complaints, citing lack of evidence. wiz reason may be that housing discrimination today can be subtler. HUD must investigate discrimination complaints within 100 days. http//usatoday30. usatoday. com/news/nation/2007-09-28-housing-main_N. htm