Phylogenetic Analyses of S. Kinabaluensis

Phylogenetic Analyses of S. KinabaluensisBased on the results obtain from both phylogenetic analyses, the putative p bents of S. kinabaluensis are connect to 2 different lineages. In cardinal case, clones 1, 7, 8, 9, and 10 appear to be link to a lineage that includes S. crenata and S. nitidus (Clade 1). In the earner(a) case, clones 4 and 6 are closely related to S. alabensis (Clade2) (Figure 12, Figure 13). From both the MP and ML, it shows that S. kinabaluensis is most closely related to S. alabensis where they are aligned to micturateher in both tree.Even though the consensus tree has an inclusive funky direct of resolution and bootstrap support (listed above branches) (Figure 12, Figure 13), the results are in agreement with previous analyses ground on ETS and ITS sequence distinction (Shafreena, 2012) suggested that the S. alabensis as one of the potential parents since the polymorphic sites observed are linear surrounded by S. alabensis and the potential parents (Sha freena, 2012). However, in that respect is not enough support for this relationship. More data are compulsory to positively confirm the result.From the phylogenetic analyses, both trees of MP and ML yielded similar results (56% MP, 60% ML). The results of lineage that related to the S. crenata and S. nitidus (Clade 1) are considered as not supported and unresolved due to the low bootstrap value. Therefore, the geomorphological differences between these two species with S. kinabaluensis were not shape up evaluated in this use up. As for the other lineage, it shows that S. alabensis could be one of the potential parents of S. kinabaluensis although with low bootstrap support value (Clade 2). Therefore, the vegetative and productive parts of these two species were observed closely and compared to reveal out if there is any similarity to support the result of the phylogenetic analysis.As already noted, the distinguishing indication of S. kinabaluensis is that this plant is cover ed with white stellate hairs on the vegetative and reproductive parts. Based on morphological observation, vegetative parts of S. alabensis are glabrous. However, the reproductive parts especially the inflorescence, branches, peduncles and pedicels do have sparse hairs. save morphological analysis based on the reproductive parts of both species could not be further observed due to the f unhorseing and fruiting stage while conducting this study. The specimens examined for S. kinabaluensis sole(prenominal) had fruits, and as for S. alabensis, the specimens examined were just bypast flowering and there is no fruit seen. However, the leaf margin which is toothed (only towards the apex) is shared between these two species. Based on the morphological observation and study by Shafreena (2012), the corymb-like inflorescence is also shared by these two species. Therefore, these morphological similarities somehow do support the phylogenetic analyses.A study by malleus (2007) has mention th at in a hybrid speciation, it means that hybridization has had a principal role in the origin of a new species. The derived species initially have exactly one genome from each parent, a 50% contribution from each, although, in older polyploids, recombination and gene conversion may ultimately lead to unequal contributions (Mallet, 2007). However, Arnold (1997) throttle the opposite view as, in his opinion, hybrids are often more than fit due, not only to the intermingle of genotypes from the parents, but also due to the fact that hybridization often creates fabrication genotypes that may be more fit under certain environmental conditions, particularly disturbed or novel environmental conditions. In this study, the potential parents of S. kinabaluensis still in a question. Therefore, the features and characteristics of S. kinabaluensis could not be fully determined and examined thoroughly. The features and characteristics of S. kinabaluensis might be inherited by the other paren ts or maybe it is because of the evolution undergoes by the plant itself for its own version to the surrounding. opposite than that, the type and leg of elevation of S. kinabaluensis and S. alabensis are more or less to each other which are 1986-2254 m and 1500-1800 m above sea level, respectively. There is not much difference in distance of elevation between this two species and therefore, increase the probability of S. alabensis as one of the putative parents of S. kinabaluensis. However, it seems that the phase of elevation of S. kinabaluensis is higher compared to S. alabensis. Based on this elevation data, it can be correlates with the facts of hybrid speciation.A study by Chase et al. (2010) has stated that once a hybrid species is developed, they faced ecological challenges. When they do produce established, there are several potential reasons why they succeed a) they exhibit transgressive traits (novel mixtures of those exhibited by their parents) that assist their organi sm in habitats in which neither of their parents can grow, conferring the isolation needed to avoid their reabsorption into the gene mob of one of their parents or b) their intermediacy in some morphological traits or ecological preferences allows them to utilize a novel niche, again delivering a degree of genetic isolation from both of their parents (Chase et al., 2010).Often such hybrids can only exploit the ecological transition zone between those of their parents, which places them near one or both parents and which may be so inadequate in area that they cannot form viable populations and this intermediates are unlikely to form viable species in their own right (Chase et al., 2010). In this case, the S. kinabaluensis populations grows on a higher elevation compared to S. alabensis, present that this hybrid species forming a populations near to their parents but with slightly different ecological changes based on the lower temperature at higher elevation.Several lines of molecu lar evidence support that S. kinabaluensis is of hybrid origin. First, 14 and 16 polymorphic sites for each of two accessions were discovered in the ETS and ITS region (Shafreena, 2012). Based on observation of polymorphic sites of genus Schefflera species showed that there are 14 species that have between 1-3 polymorphic sites except for S. avenis that has 5 polymorphic sites (Shafreena, 2012). Thus, the movement of 14-16 polymorphic sites of S. kinabaluensis showed an unusual condition (Shafreena, 2012).Second, phylogenetic analyses showed that within-individual cloned ITS repeats were not monophyletic instead they arose from two distinct lineages (Small Wendel, 2000). From this study, S. kinabaluensis cloned ITS sequences are related to two different lineages. The clones 1, 7, 8, 9 and 10 appear to be related to a lineage that includes S. crenata and S. nitidus. Other clones 4 and 6 are closely related to S. alabensis.Third, although shared nuclear ancestry could simply tailor out sister relationships with S. alabensis, S. kinabaluensis also allocates nuclear ancestry with a different lineage of species including S. crenata and S. nitidus. To conclude, this molecular phylogenetic information verifies the hypothesis of a hybrid origin for S. kinabaluensis.Quite a lot of additional studies of indispensable hybridization are needed before the nature of the claimed hybrid origin can be compass (Barkman Simpson, 2002). First, it would be of relevance to know if S. kinabaluensis is an allopolyploid or diploid hybrid. Second, artificial crosses should be executed to resolve if there are any obstructions to hybridization between the potential parental species (Barkman Simpson, 2002).For future studies, the limitations in this study should be overcome such as the limitations on the amount of clones produce form the species in order to get a more precise analysis. In addition, a complete morphological description which includes the vegetative and reproductive parts of both the target hybrid species and the putative parents should be done to support the phylogenetic analysis.