Parental Involvement in Education Essay Example for Free

P atomic number 18ntal Involvement in Education EssayClay P. Bedford once said, You can teach a student a lesson for a daytime but if you can teach him to uplift by creating admiration, he will continue the learning process as long as he lives. Its the 21th century and we hold back achieved the peaked of the brilliancy of the human race and everything is manipulated with a click of the mouse, with the aid of computer technology we can achieve a red-hot way of learning. However, the recommendncy, dedication, and quality of learning of nipperren 20 years ago are break offe different from the babyren of this generation. A change in the attitude towards education a move to the liveliness-long paradigm is currently taking place glob bothy. The fundamental aim of building a better system of education defined the quality of ball club built. Currently, substantial changes have taken place in the context of teaching as well up as the system of education and organization o f checkman pasture. The achievement of our community depends upon the pace and extends of building a knowledge-based society with the realms of our school. But, The quality of education in the U.S. today crepusculed at a tremendous rate. (Houig 4-10).Have we as parents contributed to the come d suffer of our barbarianrens learning? Could this be the psychological pith of a dysfunctional family the types of environment our kidren are growing are the minorren themselves shamt have the urge to study or lack of parental look atment in the childs education? Therefore, to what point do we as parents try to get involve in our childrens life? This has been a question unanswered by all parents alike(p) us? Parental involvement in childrens fostering plays a very merry role in their attitude and quality of learning. Well, parents go immense lengths to give their offspring the take up possible start in life from providing the first meal, to offering vigilant protection and tea ching them the skills to survive on their own. And after continued reading, researching, and asking questions ab kayoed would have attributed to the continued decline of the quality of education of our children, I have drawn a common thought that child-rearing practice takes a vital role in the attitude of children towards education.And the to the highest degree influential in the childs approach to education is definitely a good child-rearing practice (Hoover-Dempsey 3-42). The techniques of child-rearing that parent are using when raising their children has a great effect on the childs growth and development. Every society has differentchild-rearing practices used to facilitate child development. The practices depend on cultures, beliefs, and socio-economic as well as environmental factors. These different factors influence child development as societies at the same time have different perceptions and expectations on child development. There are cardinal types of child-rearing t echniques introduced to us by Ms. Annette Lareau, concerted cultivation wherein in most cases provides the child with skills and advantages over natural growth wherein the children in the schoolroom will learn and eventually will advance to their career. Parents engaged in concerted cultivation are parenting by attempting to foster childrens endowment funds through nonionised leisure activities, which teach them to respect authority and how to interact in a structured environment.Learning how to interact in structured environment a lot like in the classroom gives student a head start in school special strain on reasoning skills and language use. These parents are much involved in the following their childrens activities. Through this process children from concerted cultivation upbringing will be more productive in their academic endeavors and they feel more responsible because they know that their parents are highly involved. The second type of technique of child-rearing pract ice involves parents in the working class which engage their children in the accomplishment of natural growth. Children usually have more unstructured time and therefore these children create their own to preoccupy themselves. They create activities such as notice television, playing computer games, PSP, X-Box and Nintendo DS.This environment does not prepare children to survive in setting that are very structured, such as school. Accompanying the strain of not having enough time, working class parents are left with less time to get involve with their childrens schooling activities. My experience as a instructors assistant has thought me to judge parents involvement in their childrens learning with performance of each child in school. The proactive parents have their childrens prep completed, memos read and required documentation turned in the following day man half of the class still has their memos on their folders and with no nursing homework completed. Now that coincides wi th the notes from research showing that when Parents are involved in their childrens learning, students achieve more and less likely to drop out of school (Keith, et.al. 31-40). So, how do we define parental involvement? Parentalinvolvement includes a wide range of behaviors but generally refers to parents and family members use and investment of resources in their childrens schooling. after(prenominal) that broad definition, let us differentiate the various types of parents to fully understand and vividly portray the effects of parental involvement in each childs quality of education.There are three main types of parents authoritative, authoritarian and permissive parents. Authoritative parents are found to be the style with more triumph in upbringing they establish a balance betwixt making demands and being responsive to their childrens specific ineluctably. These parents provide their children encouragement which embodies authoritative attitudes towards work and effort. With such enthusiasm and children receive all the courage they need to pursue good grades. These children also feel secured in their personality and feel more leisurely asking for help when they need it most. Children of these parents tend to do better while in school (Cotton 1). Authoritarian parents follow a style where they simply ascertain their children what to do, and not to argue with them. Parents who apply this style tend to limit childrens independence and force them to follow strict rules by threatening harsh punishment for violations. They also tend to be less responsive to and accepting of their children. By preventing children from exercising control over their own behaviors and learning from their mistakes, authoritarian parents inadvertently whitethorn be rearing children to believe that they are not responsible for what happens to them.Children from these groups of parents tend to display loss of confidence and motivation because of there is lack of continued positiv e reinforcement. These are the parents that get discouraged when their children come home with bad grades. They punish their children which often cause an uneasy feeling for these children to seek for help even worse, they may exhibit rebellious attitude towards their parental authority and ultimately towards his outlook on acquiring his education. Permissive parents are very passive and feel their childs life should be their own responsibility and are often expressing an I dont care attitude towards their achievement as well as their outlook in life. This can be very dangerous in that the childs motivation is almost if not quite completely based on manifestation and peer influence, leaving a large variable on the location and condition of the childs upbringing. These are the type of parents that are presumed not necessarily uncaring or negligentin their childs need however the children perceived it as such. Ruth Nuneviller Steinem once said, Children dont belong to us.They are li ttle strangers who arrive in our life and give us pleasure and duty of caring for them, but we dont own them. We help them become who they are. This is the true essence of being a parent and that being able to impart and bring out the best in our children, be it our own or other children that we get acquainted throughout our life time. Parents beliefs and perceptions on the responsibilities as parents have a big effect on their childrens interest in learning (ESU 1-3). But, numerous controversies could cloud the full implementation of programs in school to foster parental improvement in education. An article came up at one of the issues of Michigan State University paper saying, Some are concern about parental involvement program stems from their observation that many schools and teachers use a one-size fits all approach to teaching. And the International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies say, It is imperative for teachers and school personnel to enhance their strategi es for promoting parental presence. man another article published at Education State say, Educators need to recast the idea of partnership more one in which they parent parents. So, everyone concord that we need to act on promoting parental involvement in education in order for the student to achieve and excel at highest potential. Our system needs to stream line and advocate the importance of parental involvement and overcome the various obstacles and stigma that permeates our society as a whole. We need to work in unison, united with one goal and dedicated to achieving the goal of improving the quality of education for our generation and the generations to come. It is imperative that these obstacles are talked and overcome so that our children will be better leaders and citizens of our country and the world. In my continued research I found that parental involvement has shown a consistent positive relationship between parents engagement in their childrens education and student ou tcomes (Such 39-68). So, what can we do as parents? To succeed in our endeavors we as parents, need to get a partner, learn more about organizations working to boost parental involvement, figure workshop and empowering oneself.Parental involvement constitute (1) volunteering by adopting and sponsoring academic based programs, school clubs, or team attending meetings to help enhance and support academic improvement withinthe school coach sports and supporting the clubs and teams in its advocacy. And if the school cannot get a staffer dedicated to parent engagement, parents should get together and start training parents to be reading and math tutors and even establish a welcoming mission that new parents in the school (2) setting fair and consistent rules homework first and foremost before anything else (3) setting examples parents needs to show interest in reading, discovering new things and learning and sharing ideas and (4) keeping lines of communication open parents need to encourage their children to relate how their day was. Parents should take a minute or two to answer questions that arises even in a very hectic schedule. Parental involvement is an important area of sociology because of its significance to social capital and its positive impacts on children.It is, by itself, a social relation involving teachers, parent, and students where each play a role and function based on their own expectations, familial and social norms, and personal and social obligations. Japan for example set a high regard to parental involvement in the education of their children, Teachers make explicit and exacting demands on parents for their direct involvement I their childrens learning (Halloway et.al. 91-97). Japanese schools promote parental involvement (oyanokanyo in Japanese) is said to be strong because parent-school relationship is viewed as a relationship that is based on trust, deference, partnership, and cooperation. buzz offs are the primary educator in the lives of their children. They are viewed as (1) audience Japanese school provide venue where parents can interact with each other and this occur during school orientation (shinnyuugakujidoudetsumeikai) for incoming first graders done yearly during the month of January to February and parents sit in on a class and listen to the teachers lecture (2) volunteers parents are asked to fill out a form indicating interest, expertise, and experience. Information provided is used to create a talent bank a database containing the parents name so that they can use to fill up basic services that the school needs like safeguarding students while crossing the street or even recycling activities (3) paraprofessional parents acting as teachers during the summer.These work includes making sure they read to their children, make sure that summer home works are done (4) learners Japanese school requires parents to attend seminars to improve their efficacy in educating and rearing their children and in nearlyschools parents are encouraged to attend skills training like ironing, sewing, internet use, etc. and (5) decision-makers the schools PTA officers in Japan meet in the city discuss matters geared to improvement in the school and their children. As my research progress, I have learned that in China compared to our public school system, parental involvement is higher. Parents in China have greater educational expectations for their children. Chinese parents place more emphasis on effort rather than emphasis on ability especially when attributing reasons for difficulty or failure. Chinese parents accept the critical role of helping their children learn concepts if they are lagging in school. Involvement of Chinese parents is back-stage/behind the scene- they are more engaged in home-based activities to boost their childs ability to learn.Chinese parents make sure that their children complete their homework with perfection. In China, education ethics begins with parents. Mot her will actually attend school takes note to observe the child-teacher relationship and the childs behavior towards learning (International Journal of Social Sciences 26-35). Chinese parents are engaged more in cultural practice that honored the professional expertise of teachers and the need to access skills for successful access to social mobility while at the same time they sought to maintain the cultural integrity of their community. In India, the framework of the parental involvement in Indias Education System is defined as controlled by the individual parent, parental school board or the tribal council. Like in many eastern Asian countries education is of highest revalue that parents could provide for their children. While the authority for overseeing the whole education system lies on federal trust, the responsibility for Indian people remains with the Bureau of Indian Affairs, all agenda pertaining education is directed to include laws and regulations that impact the whole public school system (Warner 4-18).While the Middle Class Americans parents encourage their children to nurture their talent with various activities that will later give them a head start. These parents exposed their children on how to interact in a structured setting. Other parents get involves in their childrens life by having an open communication with their childrens teachers. They get involved in the academic process, school activities and other extra-curricular activities that the child is interested with. The Working Class American parents on theother hand relies on the natural growth of the child, giving the child the opportunity to make their own choices to keep their time occupied, that most engaged themselves with video games and social networking media like Facebook and Twitter. These children learn at their own phase and eventually losing their focus interest in learning and in the traditional population like in the case of the Hawaiians, parents tend to provide their children a non-stimulating environment. They often are unaware that their child-rearing practices can walk out their childrens cognitive and language development.They fail to appreciate the importance of playing and chatting with their children because they are unaware of the age-appropriate activities to do with their children. Many of these parents inhibit exploration putting emphasis on discipline, obedience, and respect for elders, religious beliefs and cultural observance (Sheehey 3-15). Both the U.S. Department of Education and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services note, The role of mother as well as father is necessary in the development and academic success of a child. Mothers and fathers often bring different strengths and style to their parenting roles. Children benefit importantly in many areas when fathers and mothers are actively engaged. These advantages are the building blocks for success that begins from bloodline and lasts into adulthood. According to resea rch gathered by the Minnesota Fathers and Families Network some of these benefits include (1) social skills children grown with greater empathy, less gender role stereotyping and higher self-esteem.In cases where fathers are actively engaged children have more monomania and less impulsive behaviors (2) excel in problem-solving children have less hesitance and fear in new situations because, acceptance and confidence are instilled, increase curiosity to learning, increase exploration of the world around them and these children have greater tolerance for success and frustration because of the nurturing and love that they have received in their childhood (3) cognitive benefits higher math competence when fathers dynamically participates in the childrens homework and class activity, overall verbal competence and early literacy because parents effort to reading and story-telling leads to childrens interest towards reading and ultimately all these concerted efforts eventually leads to higher grade completion and income overall. To some parents who take time to attend meetings, conferences and participates in school activities andevents are teaching their children the value of setting priorities and giving importance to the development of their childrens social life.These parents are teaching their children to be socially aware, responsible, and work for the approach of the community. Our future rest on the quality of children we are raising (Elium 1-35). These also teach the children to value education. Seeing their parents giving up their time to be in school and get involve completes their development as a whole. For our goal in sending our children to school is for them to be physically, mentally, emotionally, and spiritually fit to the society where we belong. We stimulate our children to better leaders, better care-takers of our environment, better citizens of our society and better parents for our future generation. My personal experience has also convin ced me that parental involvement play a vital role in education. This is the story of my medically challenged daughter Bethany Joy who really exemplifies that role of parental involvement truly is beneficial. She was born prematurely, 29 weeks GA, with low birth weight.She suffered from an intraventricular hemorrhage Grade III meaning, the three chambers or the ventricles bleed 10 days after birth. Her neonatologist and neurologist said that secondary to the adversity of the brain damage, she will not be able to walk and talk. A periventricular shunt was implanted to act as the vertebral column where her cerebrospinal placid will flow. Knowing her prognosis, my husband and I decided that is she will pull through with all this other medical complications that I will have to quit my job. We were determined to defy all the doctors perceptions. We nurtured her in a loving environment, made few advances on her therapy sessions, made every effort to read, sing, and played with her and e ventually she came out victorious.Talking before she turned one and walking at 13 months. She had undergone five brain surgeries and five other minor surgeries but she is in a regular school and has been one of the recipients of the Academic Honor Student for the past six years at her school. So, now it is safe to conclude that parents participation in their childs education is far more vital in the success of the childs education. Our involvement as parents can mold the childs interest towards learning (Eliun 1-35). So, lets make a difference in our childrens lives, to create a better society and life for our children in the generations to come.

William Shakespeare Comparison 130 Essay Example for Free

William Shakespe be Comparison 130 EssayWilliam Shakespeare entertains multiple themes throughout his praise collection and portays an overarching theme of love. Sir Philip Sydneys difficulties with love are shown in his collection of praises Astrophil and Stella. Both poets discuss the complications with love and the appetite it creates. For example, in sonnet 1 Sydney has trouble conveying his love tho hopes that through these sonnets she (Stella) pull up stakes understand. Shakespeares sonnet 129 as come up as Sydney sonnet 109 both mention the cerebrate for their hardships with love what is fueling their desire. Both are struggling with starve but use different tones, ditcions and reasonings to arrive at the same point. Shakespeares praise 129 is grouped with poems known as the bad muliebrity sonnets. This set of poems are on the darker side of Shakepeares classic love sonnets. Love is overbearing and causes the speaker to do things he normally wouldnt. He claims t hat anticipation of conjure creates erratic human behavior. Shakespeare uses graphic imagery, murderous, bloody, full of blame to illustrate his foiling towards the situation (3). He blames his sexual desires and claims that they are driving him to insanity (make.taker pale (8)).To him, lust is a sin and is the root of peoples pain. Throughout the poem the order of words tends to be reversed and repeated (mad, past reason) to commute the impression of conflict, as in line 2 lust in action and till action, lust. Despite intuition he is bound by anger and questions why he should pursue what he knows to be worthless (swallowd bait). The poem explains that sex is blissful while yourre doing it and, once youre done, a true sorrow that it ever happened A bliss in proof, and provd, a very woeBefore, a joy proposd behind, a day-dream(11-12). Here he embelishes the notion that people will go to absurd lengths in the pursuit of sex but end up hating themselves for it afterwards. Sydney s Sonnet 109 immediately identifies desire as the antagonist of the poet. In the first line he refers to love as a trap (snare) for the ignorant to cling for. But Sydney has already fallen into this love trap and is referring to himself as the fool to do so. Syndey in the first few lines considers himself foolish for feeling this desire.He claims that desire leads people to act stupidly With scattered purview and causeless care, that while trying to accomplish a foolish task he was waste his time. All his hard work was for nothing, consuming his rationality. Sydney and Shakespeare blame themselves for their craving of love, desire. The speaker in sonnet 129 cant help his appeal to this dark muliebrity he refers. He knows it is painful to let desire go. He understands the self-hating conclusion to his lust but cant help his actions Before, a joy proposd behind, a dream(12).While Shakespeare anticipates sex, it bets like joy afterward, a bad dream. Blaming his sexual attraction t o others as a culpit for personal agony. Sydney describes the same struggles in his sonnet 109. To Sydney the process of falling in love is nothing but torture. His mangled mind knows it worthless to feel this way and, similar to Shakespeare, doesnt know how to polish desire(14). Both speakers convey an ambivalent tone towards desire. In line 5 Sydney has given into desire but in line 6 knows of its uselessness bank Desire I have too dearly brought / worthelesse ware.Similarly, in the couplet at the end of Sonnet 129 Shakespeare writes All this the world well knows to avoid the heavenly experience caused by desire because it leads men to this hell (13-14). The authors identify what the outcome of their desires will be but allow it to happen anyways. Desire turns the speakers mad. In Shakespeares case the desire for sex is on purpose laid to make the taker mad(8) He has undergo all the stages of lust and distributively time it has made him crazy. As for Sydney, the reference to mangled mind explains that he is on his way to insanity.He paid for his desire by driving himself crazy. Sydney and Shakespeare seem to not know what to do. They are confused with the aching for love they possess. And it drives the speakers, whether it be Shakespeare or Sydney, to insanity. Both poets as well express the idea elsewhere that the dark women and Stella are superior to them. They believe that they are at fault for this desire they occupy. In Sonnet 129 the poets endeavors convince him that the dark lady is better than he knows her to be. Similarily, Sydney makes it unpatterned that this desire is a flaw in himself and not in the desired.In Sonnet 129 Shakespeare makes it vague to whether or not he is the speaker. Sydney seems to make it more patent by using point of view such as I have. Under the rubric of a single theme the reader notices as many similarites as differences. Shakespeare uses very different syntax than Sydney to express the same idea. First of all, Son net 129 concerns visible appetites that are blamed for fueling sexual desires. Is lust in action and till action, lust(2). Sydneys sonnet 109 blames his emotional feelings his mind cant help but feel Within my self to test my only hire (13).Shakespeare uses mutiple juxtapositions such as before/ behind and heavan/ hell. The juxtapositions allowed Shakespeare to convey both sides of his suffers. The vulgar tone in sonnet 129 contributes to the speakers hatred for physical desires. That it makes people savage, extreme, rude, cruel, not to trust(4). Shakespeare explains exactly what will happen when one undergoes these sexual yearnings Past reason hunted and no sooner had, / Past reason hated, as a swallowd bait(6-7) allowing no room for interpretation. Sydney, on the other hand, exlpains the pain he feels, but is not exact what will happen subsequently.He recognizes the conclusion but doesnt know what it will fell like. Sydney understands that his desire will be worthless. Sonnet 12 9s speaker has experienced desires worthlessness. He asserts that everyone knows and will finish as he did, in agony and pain All this the world well knows (13). The lists Shakespeares writes helps explain his frustration with sex and the dark lady. Lists solify details to pas experiences. It gives the reader more evidence to the speakers opinion. Whereas, Syndey effectivley emphasizes his point through punction and repition Desire , Desire (5). Convincing the reader of Sydneys troubles.Sydney and Shakespeare signify that love drives them out of control but have their own view on the intensity of the stress. Some people would consider that these feelings are more than standard. not that they are exaggerating feelings in the sonnets but drive themselves to an extreme stage of loathing. Sydney expresses a lyrical tone compared to Shakespeares lordly tone. Syndey voices his inner feelings and reads as though he has thought a lot about his struggles. In line 8 he writes Who shouldst m y mind to higher things prepare, and explains that his mind should concentrate on more meaning(a) things than desire.The use of my mind suggests that Sydney is trying to convince himself to focus on more important things. This plays in directly with his lyrical tone. Shakespeare, on the other hand, is more disdainful in his writing, Had, having, and in quest to have, extreme(10) and scornful towards his involvements with desire. In the end, Shakespeare in sonnet 129 and Sydney in sonnet 109 both write about their struggles with lust. Syndey composes his feelings throughout sonnet 109 while Shakespeare makes it evident of his scornful position towards desire itself.

Discus Definition Essay Example for Free

Discus Definition Essay1. Discus is a complex sport that requires skill and a lot of readying. The dish is held in the overabundant hand putting the first knuckles of your fingers around the edge. Your hand must be spread wide but not strained. You must orient your wrist joint so your index finger is directly in line with your forearm. You must then align yourself with the mastermind area, either at your left shoulder or behind you. Most professionals face away from the target, which requires another 90 degrees of spin and can be a more difficult manoeuvre but optimizes bemuseing fastness on a properly executed throw. Just before your right leg is planted, your left leg should rise off the ground with the momentum of your spin. As your right leg plants, your left leg should move low and fast around your trunk to plant in line with the right leg at the present of the circle. The left leg plants firmly and the entire momentum of the ashes is directed into the drawn-out right arm.The hips drive through the rotation to face the target while the shoulders and arm trail behind and then snap through. The dish antenna is consumed off the front of the fingers, rolling off the index finger, which imparts clockwise spin. The skeletal formation has a major contribution as it provides the movement during the discus throw. The phalanges and metatarsals are used to allow the movement in the feet when spinning and swivelling. The feet play a precise significant role throughout the entire preparation and throw. The tarsals in the ankles are gliding joints which allow for the ankles to create the joint action of dorsiflexion and plantar flexion when the person turns their body in preparation for the throw. During the discus throw, the suspensor lifts one foot in a plantar flexion whilst the other foot stays in the dorsiflexion position. During the whole throw, the legs are constantly flexed and extension is not made until the discus has been released and th e athlete is not yearlong in motion.The vertebral column, consisting of the cervical vertebrae, thoracic bender and the lumbar curvature, allows movement in the trunk. When the individual spins, the vertebral allows the trunk to rotate from side to side. Included in the trunk is the sternum and the rib cage. The patella is a condyloid joint is in a bent while the tibia, fibula and femur are all flexing as rotation is taking place. The pelvis which is a orb and socket joint allows flexion in the legs. The phalanges and the metacarpals flex as the discus is gripped. The carpals in the wrist are gliding joints, which rotate and flex as the arm swings posterior and forth across the body in mold to keep a solid grip on the discus. The fingers extend when let go the discus in order to get distance. The elbow, which is a hinge joint, allows bending when coming back across the body after hyperextension behind the body. It is then in a pronation position when extended forward.The muscu lar system also plays a major role in throwing a discus. The entire muscular system is required to enable to discus throw. The musculus tibialis muscle anterior, located near the tibia, allows the feet to produce the action of dorsiflexion, inversion and eversion. For the knee to be able to flex, the gastrocnemius and the hamstrings do a concentric movement whilst the quadriceps and tibialis anterior create the eccentric movement because they lengthen. The erector spinae allows for the back to extend when the individual swings their arms back and forth around their body in preparation of releasing the discus. This allows for the muscle length to increase so that muscle is completing an eccentric contraction. Because the body is woful from side to side, the external obliques flex as the trunk rotates.Whilst the athlete is moving to the left, the left hand side obliques shorten, performing the concentric muscle contraction. At the same time the right external oblique is lengthening . This is constantly swapping as the athlete swings their arms from side to side. The trapezius elevates the shoulders and extends while the pectorals flex when the arms moves. The pectorals are performing concentric contractions and the trapezius is performing eccentric contractions. In the upper berth body the deltoids are extending as the arms hyperextend behind the body, which is an eccentric contraction, although it is becoming a concentric contraction as the arms move towards the front of the body. As the arm flexes, the bicep is performing a concentric contraction whilst the triceps perform eccentric contractions. The rectus abdominals are an isometric muscle contraction as they do not play a major role in performing discus.2. In performing discus in that respect are six main physical fitness and movement components. Three being health-related components and three being skill-related components. Muscular strength is highly necessary in discus. The more muscular strength an individual has, the hike up distance the discus ordain go. Flexibility is also a component of fitness involved in discus. It is one of the well-nigh neglected but most vital elements to an athlete. There are many diverse stretching techniques a discus athlete should perform in preparation. These include straddle stretch, upper mol stretch, butterfly groin stretch, trunk twist, open arm stretch, triceps stretch, cuff stretch. The skill related components that discus thrower posses are power, coordination and balance.There are many different training techniques that all professional discus throwers need to be able to perform. The first is weight lifting. Discus throwers should incorporate upper body and disappoint body exercises. For the upper body, perform workouts that train the essential muscles for discus throwing. These include bench press, shoulder press, triceps extensions, and shoulder lifts, exercises that improve the strength of the shoulders and arms to arrive a lon ger throw. For the lower body, perform squats, lunges, and box jumps to improve leg power. Discus throwing includes a high level of intensity and a sudden burst of speed for a short interval of time. another(prenominal) way discus throwers can train is by using medicine balls. Use a medicine ball to perform exercises that mimic throwing the disc. To increase oblique strength, throw a medicine ball from your hip against a wall and catch on the opposite side of your body. extract to strengthen both sides of the body. This strengthens the upper body by simulating similar movements to discus throwing. As with strength training, medicine ball exercises should be performed at maximum intensity. Another training technique is the tire flip. The tire flip improves explosiveness, endurance and full body muscle strength. Flip the tire as many times as you can at full intensity. The tire flip works the muscles necessary for the discus throw and greatly improves conditioning. There are also othe r training techniques for discus throwers such as stretching and the sandbag carrying. Athletes should perform a complete stretching routine before and after each training session. Since discus throwing incorporates all muscles of the body, take the time to stretch each muscle group thoroughly.Throwing a discus is an extremely intense movement, forcing your body to twist and jerk at high speed. Competitors can easily injure a number of muscle groups if they fail to prepare the muscles for the movements by stretching and warming up. The sandbag carry will develop your core and strengthen your abdominal muscles. As you throw the disc, your body is twisted at a high speed to generate power. Your abdominal muscles generate this twist as your arm swings around. The sandbag carry develops strength and endurance for this muscle group. This exercise also strengthens the shoulders and the arms.3. Biomechanical principles deal with the scientific basis of human movement. summary of the way t he body moves during the sport has led to improved and advances performance using newly developed techniques and modified or changed sports equipment. The first aspect of biomechanics that has an influence on discus is motion. Angular motion and momentum are the most influential in discus. Angular motion is motion in a curved or circular path. Discus is the best example of angular motion, as the thrower is moving in a circular path in preparation for the release of the discus. Linear and angular motion are combined in most movement activities. Momentum is the amount of motion possessed by a moving goal. A moving object has a certain mass and velocity and the two of these together equals the momentum. The greater the momentum of the body, the greater the tendency to resist changes in motion. External world powers can have an influence on momentum, as can internal forces.The greater the mass, the greater the momentum. When professional athletes spin in circles will preparing to thro w the discus, they are aiming to gain momentum in order for the disk to go a further distance. Balance and stability also occur in discus. high-octane balance is balance in motion. While the discus thrower is beginning their throw, they must keep dynamic balance in order for their throw to go as preferred. There are many factors that influence stability. These include mass, base of support, centre of gravity, stability and mobility. The greater the mass of the discus thrower, the more stable the body is likely to be. The larger the bass of support, the greater the stability. This is why taking larger steps while circling will benefit the thrower and give them more stability. The lower a persons centre of gravity, the greater the stability. The line of gravity must be located within the supporting base to increase stability, whence the closer to the ground the discus thrower is the more stable they will be and will get more distance in their throw. The momentum of an object directl y affects stability in motion.The faster the discus throw is going, the more stable they are with their throw. The larger the mass, the greater its stability. Taller discus throwers will be little stable in motion than shorter discus throwers because of the height of their centre of gravity. Force is something that causes movement. A force may be a push or pull, that causes a change in the shape of an object or body. Forces can be internal or external. The body can apply force using the sum of money of forces. This is a combination of a number of forces working in sequence. For example in discus, forces produced by the feet, legs, arms, wrists and fingers produce the large forced used to throw the discus as far as possible.The body also applies force by Newtons Third Law for every applied force there is an equal and opposite force. For example in discus the thrower exerts a force against the ground and an equal and opposite force pushes the thrower off the ground. Applying force t o objects depends on a number of factors. These include magnitude which is the amount of force that has been applied to the discus, direction which is the way the force is applied to the discus, the point of application which is the degree where the force is applied to the discus and the line of action which is the point of application plus the direction of the force.

Noblest Roman of All Essay Example for Free

Noblest Roman of All EssayThe noblest Roman of them all, according to Marc Antony, was Brutus one of the conspirators who stabbed Caesar to death. The note of regret here is ironic, to say the least, because Antony raised the forces which has destroyed Brutus. Thats what brings me to say Marcus Antonius is in fact the actual Noblest Roman of them all.Brutus and his group of conspirators brutally murdered Caesar, whom Antony was very loyal to. Yet after the conspirators were killed Antony praised Brutus, not cuss him as others expected him to. He believed of all the conspirators, only Brutus thought of the common good, and had honest intentions toward the general populace. The rest merely envied Caesars greatness Brutus thought it a palpable threat to the Republic. He coped Brutus as an honest man who was blinded by others with bad intentions. And in my opinion it takes a noble man to recognize another noble man.Marc Antony was not a man of many weaknesses merely, if you had to pin one on him, it would have to be that his name wasnt as prestigious as some of his predecessors. Marcus Brutus was a very popular man, because, he was basically Caesars right hand man. Some would argue that No one would know Caesar better than Brutus, but that didnt stop Antony. Even though he wasnt as popular as Marcus Brutus, he somehow swayed the crowd in his favor.One of Marc Antonys greater strengths was his oratory skills. He was a great orator and he used that to his advantage. He had a penchant for superlatives. The noblest Roman of them all directly echoed The most unkindest cut of all . In effect, he paints Brutus, at different times, both as a villain and as a superlative Roman. In both cases, Antony is aware of the rhetorical necessities of the situation.Marc Antony was the noblest roman letters of all because he risked his life for an already dead man but he approached the beast without flinching. He put aside his fears to stand up for justice. He even paid his respect to one of the conspirators Brutus because even though he commited a heinous crime, Brutus was just confused, and Antony had enough wisdom to realize

Who Are The Cherokee Indians History Essay

Who Are The Cherokee Indians History EssayCherokee Indians are a tribe that originated in the Southeastern United States. Their traditional lands included north Alabama from Noccalula Falls at Gadsden, Alabama, to all of atomic number 31 north of Atlanta, to Kings Mountain, S. C. in the east all of westward conjugation Carolina, southwest Virginia and East and Middle Tennessee. They also had traditional hunting claims in Kentucky. Their territory was eventually eliminated through to the highest stage three dozen treaties among 1721 and 1835. The Treaty of New Echota (near Calhoun, Georgia) ceded the last remaining territory east of the Mississippi in exchange for land in Oklahoma.The whole tribe of Cherokees was forced to go west to Oklahoma in the 1830s on the infamous cultivate of Tears that began at Red Clay Council Grounds in Tennessee just north of the Georgia aver line. Among those who were force to leave were several thousand who died on the Trail of Tears. that, a few were able to hide in the mountains of western North Carolina. This pigeonholing became the Eastern Band of Cherokees. Their tribal headquarters are at Cherokee, North Carolina.Today there are reservations in North Carolina with about 10,000 Cherokee and Oklahoma with about 100,000 Cherokee. Many are mix bloods rather than full bloods.Many Cherokee place names ca-ca been left in the places where they previously lived. The name Tennessee was taken from unmatchable of the Cherokee townships.The Cherokee were counted as one of the five civilized tribes of the Southeast which includes the Choctaw, Chickasaws, Creeks and Seminoles. They had the most vital and richest burnish of all the tribes north of Mexico, a feature that most modern Americans have forgotten unless reminded in movies such as The Out impartiality Josey Wales.Prehistoric and pre-Columbian know takege of the Cherokee is limited. Their first European contact was with the expedition led by Hernando de Soto in 1540. The contact with de Soto was limited because his goal was exploration. He was followed eventually in the 1600s ontogeny numbers of contacts French colonies in Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana and with the Spanish in Florida. However with the founding of the English colonies of Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina the contract grew into trade relationships.The trade relations developed with the Cherokee getting guns, powder, shot, and other trade goods in exchange for cervid skins. The skins were valuable in Europe as a type of leather goods. Guns were more efficient hunting tools than bows and arrows. British merchants, who were frequently Scotsmen moved into Cherokee villages and established concern post. Many of these traders married Indian women. Their children, who were mix-bloods, usually grew up in the wilderness but with some European education. They were to be important because they provided much of the leading in the future, at times in agreement and at times in op position to the full bloods. Being of both(prenominal) cultures they were able to interpret each culture to the other.During the Eighteen Century the struggle between the French and English for control of North American meant frequent warfare. To protect the deer skin trade forts were create in Cherokee country which was divided into three basic areas. For the most part the Cherokee lived in towns. South Carolina held the lower towns Western North Carolina the middle towns and the over the mound towns were in east Tennessee.Fort Loudoun had been built in 1756-1757 at the confluence of the Little Tennessee and Tellico Rivers. It was a trade center and the Cherokee had free access to it until the outbreak of the Cherokee war (1759-1761).The Cherokee War occurred during the French and Indian War (1754-63). Known as the Seven Years War globally The French and Indian War is the name for its North American Theater of Operations. The origin of the Cherokee War was an incident in late 1 758. A Cherokee war party, returning from unrewarding service in the Forbes Expedition, stole a few horses from frontier settlers. In a brief fight both Cherokee and puritys suffered casualties. The Cherokee hence sought revenge under their law which was in essence the law of the feud in which retaliation soon killed some on both sides.In November of 1759 South Carolina Governor William Henry Lyttleton declared war on the Cherokee. Efforts at peace negotiation failed because the Cherokees refused to surrender the individuals who had begun the fighting. To do so would have satisfied English ideas of justice but would have violated Cherokee traditions. By 1760 a growing number of Cherokee and white settlers had been killed. In June Colonel Archibald Montgomery led an army of British regulars and colonial forces against the Cherokee. The Lower Towns and Middle Towns in the southern Appalachians were destroyed. Montgomery won a costly battle near Franklin, North Carolina on June 27, 1760 after which he returned to Charlestown.The gravest incident was the massacre of the Fort Loudoun fortress. The fort had been surrounded by the Cherokee and reduced to starvation. It was surrendered and its garrison was retiring to South Carolina, when it was attacked at Ballplay, Tennessee, where Cains Creek joins the Tellico River. Twenty-two officers and soldiers along with three women were killed in revenge for Cherokee losses. The survivors were held captive until the wars end.In June 1761 an expedition commanded by Lieutenant Colonel pile Grant defeated the Cherokee near the village of Estatoe. He then burned all of their neighboring towns and all of their crops reducing them to near starvation. The Cherokee accepted peace verge in August 1761.The Cherokee suffered numerous losses during the Cherokee War however, more devastating were the losses from European diseases such as small pox, measles and other contagions. In response the Cherokee fought back with the Booger D ance, a spiritual weapon. Booger Dancers wore ugly masks and danced to ward off diseases or to ceremonially reduce fear of the deadly diseases.During the American Revolution the Cherokee remained loyal to the British and conducted military operations on their behalf. This led to fighting with the colonists and to demands for their removal after the Revolution. Among the Cherokee women oft played an important role as counselors. Some became known as war women. An important War Woman was Nancy Ward. The acceptance of female leading and influence was contrary to the male dominated white practice.By the 1790s Cherokee leadership came to the conclusion that he best way to preserve themselves was to become civilized. They began to develop more European style farm, clothing, government and Christianity. Often led by the mixed bloods such as John Ross, John Ridge, and Elias Boudinot they were aided by missionaries such as the Moravians who had a mission at Spring Place, Georgia. The Chero kee leadership began to develop into a civilized nation complete with the practice of slavery.A great event in the advancement of the Cherokees was the invention of a Cherokee language syllabary by the mixed blood Sequoya (Sequoya, Sequoia, Sikwayi). Named George Gist by his English father he was a skilled craftsman who developed a system of 86 symbols that represented the sounds of the Cherokee language. The syllabary was finished by 1821 and opened the way for thousands of Cherokee to learn it within a few years.The Cherokee Council was the government of the Cherokee nation and based upon its constitution. It met in the town of New Echota (now a restored state park just east of the current City of Calhoun, Georgia). The Council adopted the syllabary and provided for the publication of an official Cherokee newspaper, The Phoenix. Published in both Cherokee and English it was the first Indian newspaper in the United States. By 1827 the Bible, hymnbooks, pamphlets and many other writ ings were being translated into Cherokee.During the War of 1812 many Cherokee aided the Americans against the British and their allies including the Creeks (Muscogee). At the Battle of Horseshoe Bend (Alabama) in 1814 General Andrew Jacksons life was save by a Cherokee brave, Junaluska. However, this was not enough to prevent then President Jackson allowing their removal to Oklahoma in the 1830s.The demand for removal of all Indians east of the Mississippi River had been strong since at least the Presidency of doubting Thomas Jefferson. In Georgia it was a major issue especially after the discovery of gold at Dahlonega in 1828. A huge influx of miners moved, often illegally, onto Cherokee land increasing demands for removal which occurred despite Supreme Court rulings in favor of the Cherokee Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) and Worcester v Georgia (1832).The Five Civilized Tribes were aloof in whole or in part. A remnant of the Cherokee found refuge in the deep coves of the Smoke y Mountains of Appalachia. With legal help from whites they eventually purchased land at Cherokee and became the Eastern Band.The bulk of the Cherokee in northern Georgia and elsewhere were forcibly expelled from their homes and conducted under military guard to Red Clay Council Grounds (now Tennessee historic state park) just north of Cohutta, Georgia, but in Tennessee. From there one group set out in the autumn to journey to Oklahoma. Many died on the Trail of Tears, a few escaped to North Carolina, and those that arrived in Oklahoma eventually had to develop their own farms and institutions.During the War Between the States most of the Cherokee sided with the Confederacy. They fought in battles in Missouri, are and Oklahoma. After 1885 Senator Henry Dawes of Massachusetts introduced what became the Dawes Act. It abolished the communal property of tribes and instituted a policy of individual ownership that was to further promote their civilizing. While the Five Civilized Tribes w ere assuage from the Dawes Act they came under increasing pressure to accept it. In 1895 the Curtis Act dissolved Indian tribal governments and forced allotments of the land. The results were a great deal of swindling of the Cherokee and many other Indians. Almost all of the original land granted to the Cherokee under the terms of the Treaty of New Echota was lost. In compensation Cherokee were made American citizens in 1901 and allowed to vote. On March 3, 1906, the Cherokee Nation was abolished. The present Cherokee Nation was organized in 1948 under the Wheeler-Howard Indian Reorganization Act (1934). Economic justice was to some degree awarded the Cherokee Nation in 1961 with payment of $15,000,000 by the U.S. Claims Commission for lands of the Cherokee Strip (Outlet).Modern Cherokee have served in the United States military and government. Most are educated and and a small number speak Cherokee. The seat of the Cherokee Nation (tribal government) is at Tahlequah, Oklahoma. Th e tribe adopted a new constitution in 2006. Under the leadership of their Principle Chiefs since the 1950s, who have included W.W. Keeler (1971-1975), Ross Swimmer (1975-1985) Wilma Mankiller (1985-1995), Joe Byrd (1995-1999) and Chad Corntassel Smith (1999-Present).The tribe conducts many different programs to promote the welfare and its cultural traditions. Among its money making ventures are casinos in Oklahoma and North Carolina. The Cherokee are in the process of building their own future with aid from many sources.Andrew J. WaskeyReferences and Future ReadingBass, Althea. Cherokee Messenger. 1936. Norman, OK University of Oklahoma, 1996.Cotterill, R. S. The Southern Indians The horizontal surface of the Civilized Tribes Before Removal. Norman, OK University of Oklahoma Press, 1954.Foreman, Grant. The Five Civilized Tribes Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole. Norman, OK University of Oklahoma Press, 1934.Hudson, Charles. The Southeastern Indians. Knoxville, TN Univer sity of Tennessee Press, 1976.King, Duane H. ed. The Cherokee Indian Nation. Knoxville, TN University of Tennessee Press, 1979.McLoughlin, William G. Cherokees Missionaries, 1789-1839. Norman, OK University of Oklahoma Press, 1995.Mooney, James. History, Myths, and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees. 1900 1891. Ashville, NC Historical Images, 1992.Purdue, Theda. ed. Cherokee editor in chief The Writings of Elias Boudinot. Athens, GA University of Georgia Press, 1996.Woodward, Grace Steele. The Cherokee. Norman, OK University of Oklahoma Press, 1963.

Conflict And Functionalist Theories In Religion Sociology Essay

appointment And Functionalist Theories In Religion Sociology EssayThe difference between conflict and functionalist theories on worship argon *Conflict theory refers to religion as the sigh of the oppressed creature, the sentiment of a heartless world, and the soul of the soulless condition. It is the opium of the people.Functionalism is a structural-consensus perspective that views society as a brass. As its name implies this theory seeks to define the separate institutions of society in terms of how they function to maintain the societal system. It should be noted that sociological research into religion does not attempt to reveal the mysteries of the supernatural, however whilst seeking to understand the role of religion within society whatsoever theorists have been drawn to quite an unfaithful conclusions.Emile Durkheim, the founding father of functionalism, claimed that each societies divide the world into the sacred and the profane. He observed that compensate seeming ly ordinary objects, for instance a woody cross, could provoke deep emotions, though they held no intrinsic power. For Durkheim the signifi gitce of such objects was symbolic, and for Durkheim the wooden cross did not represent sacrifice and eternal salvation, as with tout ensemble religious iconography it represented the collective conscience, the sh ared set of beliefs that bind society unneurotic.One common way to define religion is to focus on what are k presentlyn as functional definitions these are definitions which emphasize the way religion operates in human lives. When constructing a functional definition is to ask what a religion does usually psychologically or socially.Functional definitions are so common that nigh academic definitions of religion can be categorized as either psychological or sociological in nature. Psychological definitions focus upon the ways in which religion plays a role in the mental, emotional, and psychological lives of believers. Sometimes t his is exposit in a positive way (for example as a means of preserving mental health in a chaotic world) and sometimes in a negative way (for example as with Freuds explanation of religion as a type of neurosis).Functionalists argue that the role of religion is to preserve the stead quo rather than to promote social change. They agree that religion is a beneficial conservative force because it maintains consensus, binds people together and promotes social order. They however see it as having a positive influence, whereas the Marxist view is somewhat more negative in its outlook. (Especially when looking at social change)It is impossible to see how religion can be functioning to socialise the majority of societies members into morality, and integration in the 21st century, when solo a minority of people attend church and of course when some of the attendees these days engage in anti moral and antisocial behaviour and to a large extent sizeable percentage of people especially the new-made teens are been exposed to some of these moral dangers. Having said this, it could be observed that functionalists tend to neglect the areas in which religion has been impaired for society for example in Northern Ireland and Bosnia, religious divisions have ca employ disruption and conflict rather than promoted social order.Another pertinent point that can be argued is that the post modernist believes that the old sociological searches for the grand explanations of social behaviour and determine are pointless. They believe there are no absolute truths, and values in society are only relative ones, this is due to the fact that society is more fragmented due to modernisation, and there are alsovarious ideologies to choose from. Along with this added choice non-traditional beliefs and behaviours are being adopted. People now select their beliefs like they select lifestyles and leisure activities, a good example is the concept of consumerism.This shift away from the traditiona l has a huge impact on religion according to postmodernists. Religion no longer holds the role of promoting social solidarity and social order that the functionalists argue to be the case. rather religion has become a personalised entity it has become pick and mix in a sense. People are becoming more aware and liberal to new ideas this could explain the growth in new religious movements.Religion has to shift according to the needs of the people in different social contexts. Theologically, from the rule book for instance God recommended in the institution of marriage a unique and acceptable union between a man and a woman in the book of Genesis which has serve as a standard for a while in some part of the world but as a result of man insatiable quest for new ideas, experience and adventure we now have what we call gay marriage which some(prenominal) countries are now institutionalised and drafted into the constitutional right of the citizenry.Undoubtedly, religion had a prominen t position in early functionalism. According to Comte, the macrofunctionalist, it prompted simple folk to serve unseen purposes that even clever scholars could barely detect. Durkheim (1912) proposed that religion sacralised social life itself and, because the perspective of society was implicit in all cognition, religion thus served as the foundation of all knowledge. The micro functionalist Malinowski (1948 1925) observed that religion established, fixed, and enhanced individual attitudes that were valuable to the collective existence and survival of societies-attitudes such as reverence for tradition, harmony with the environment, and courage in the struggle with difficulties and at the prospect of death.However, many of these functions that used to be the hallmark of religion could no longer uphold the central pillar of the society jurisprudence that seems to be falling apart or perhaps, eroding. The Irish society can be cited as an example of a dedicated religious state for ma ny decades, which as a result serve as a way of modelling and tailoring people in a particular direction of social values and norms but unfortunately in todays world all of these norms and values are eroding speedily and consequently peoples way is now perverse, the act of terrorism is now a lifestyle, statistic has revealed alarming rate of people committing or about to commit suicide due to issues related to emotion stress and financial issues exclusively to mention a few, basically these are some of the hole that religion used to fill perfectly in the heart of people.Edit-Nevertheless, it is also true that from the constitutional perspective that religion could relieve social anxiety, that it could provide a sense of security when people are faced with uncontrollable situations. Malinowski observed that when the islanders fished in the quiesce lagoon, no religious practice was attached, however when faced with the perils of fishing in the open ocean, religious rituals were alw ays performed. In this way, Malinowski believed humans could exert a comprehend control over a world in which they held no significant, individual, power.Apparently, this is not really the case anymore why because the greatest problem of insecurity that is most imminent all over the world now can be traced to the fragmented religion sect been propagated Islamic fundamentalist which has changed the world order and shaped how we lived our lives tremendously and consequently create a tense and uneasy atmosphere rather than the secure, hopeful and serene expectations postulated by functionalist school of thoughts.Perhaps the most peak functionalist assessment of religion has been put forward by the American sociologist Robert Bellah. Bellah has fused Parsons argument that America derives its values from Protestantism and added that to Durkheims belief that the worship of god is the disguised worship of society creating the concept of a civil religion. Bellah believes that what unifie s Americans, whichever religion they may be is an overarching civil religion a faith in Americanism and not necessarily need not contain supernatural belief, Bellah maintains that in America it does. For instance God Bless America is a common phrase, American Presidents swear an oath onwards god and American currency pronounces to the world In God We Trust. However this god is not the god of any particular creed but a god of America. In this respect faith in America unites all the American peoples.CONCUSIONIn analyzing religion, functionalists argue that religions serve a sum up of functions, such as they preserve and integrate society, create communities of believers, promote social control, provide answers to ultimate questions, provide us with rites of passage, and cultivate social change. Religions may also be dysfunctional in some respects. The conflict perspective suggests that religion is a tool used by the elite to subjugate the masses.The functionalist and conflict perspe ctives have a number of practical applications, such as providing a link to the understanding of an entire culture and learning much about a particular community. Not least(prenominal) Durkheims prediction of the cult of man. Certainly modern religious phenomena such as having a personal relationship with Jesus , religious trends such as Wicca or even the rise of the tele-evangelist are evidence that religion is becoming less social and more personal. Whether this is mere coincidence or proof of Durkheims prediction is at the very least debatable, but surely it is the human ability to question and wonder that initially gave rise to religion.Apparently, in the times past religion as the functionalist postulated as served as a unifying factor, dictator of status quo, canon of values, bind people together, promote social order and so on in many society but things are changing fast, religion has become so fragmented not only to the extent of eroding the social values that it stood for in the hands of radical fundamentalists to perpetrate terror in the name of religion but it has also facilitate uncountable exposure of people especially the young teens who are vulnerable to diverse moral dangers, the rapid cases of paedophiles across the western hemisphere is a good example.Basically, vast majority of people have incapacitated faith and hope in what used to be a unifying force in the society, people have been wounded both emotionally and psychologically. rather than binding people together and promoting social order, religion has left more people in a state of disillusioned. It can be aptly cerebrate that universal functional need can neither be served by religion nor can religion be the sole survival and sustainers of any system in a modern society as once believed by the functionalist scholars.People now have individualistic adorement as against the universal religion that used to determine the way be think, react and live in term of our value system an d one of such things is sport specifically football which has suddenly turned to some kind of god. Obviously, there is a paradign shift from the old values that used to hold any societal system together from the functionalist view to the modernistic era where technology and other things now determines value system.

Deregulation Of Downstream Oil And Gas Industry Business Essay

deregulating Of Downstream Oil And Gas Industry Business EssayThis arena began with a historical background of deregulating, governing body motives and the benefits the deregulating of downriver rock fossil oil and swash pains will pose to Nigerians. The literature re visual modality provided an judgement of the opinion of two schools of thought the opposing and the supporting(a) group for deregulation. Their different views gave insight into the various reasons why giving medication should or should not deregulate the industry. The purpose of the study is aimed to answer three questions(1) What informed government activitys deregulation of the downstream oil and gas industry and is it the only solution in Nigerias economic environment?2) How can the government improve the implementation of the deregulation of the downstream oil and gas industry to achieve the actual policy objective?(3) In what way can government promote the private sector to in full participate in the downstream oil and gas deregulation exercise?In order to answer these questions, this study solicited the views of Nigerians and some industry professionals through self-administered questionnaires. resolution by industry professionals addressed the perspective of strategic concern, implementation, innovation and hawkish forces. The response from other Nigerians addressed the perspective of effects, challenges and prospects of deregulation. By using broad divinatory approach, this study has demonstrated that a wider scope and broader assessment of the downstream oil and gas sector deregulation can be achieved. The theoretical framework has to a fault been empirically tested through the questionnaire response and hypotheses that were carried out and it has proven to be effective in understanding the dynamics of the industrys deregulation programme.The responses provided by industry professionals answers the basic question on what informed governments deregulation of the dow nstream oil and gas industry and is it the only solution in Nigerias economic environment. The second and third questions were too answered by them. Two respondents were not in support of deregulation, while the other two were in favour of the governments deregulation programme, stressing that deregulation is the only remedy for the problems in the oil and gas industry. Their views on the implementation of deregulation, control mechanism by regulatory agencies, innovation and competitive forces shows similar response. They feel government is not implementing deregulation properly and suggested a fully deregulated downstream oil and gas sector as against the current partial deregulation where NNPC is still subscribed in marketing activities and fixing product prices. On the aspect of government encouraging the oil marketers to ensure the success of deregulation, respondent (B) suggested providing loan facilities for them while, respondent (C) felt that providing a take playing fi eld for equity and equal participation will drive the success of deregulation.From the analyses on quantitative data which illustrate the views and opinions of 150 Nigerians on the effects, challenges and prospects of the downstream oil and gas industry deregulation, we can infer that there is no significant difference in the response in support that deregulation would bestow positive effects to Nigerians and those against. The response on if challenges in the industry will hinder the success of deregulation also indicates no significant difference amid those in support and those not in support. However, the response to the prospects of deregulation shows a significant difference in support that deregulation of the sector will advance better economic prospects and opportunities.In conclusion, base on the responses and views of Nigerians towards the downstream oil and gas deregulation, the study findings shows that deregulation of the sector is not properly implemented by the reg ulatory agencies. It also shows that the sector has been transformed to become competitive and market driven. It further reveals that the sector is not fully deregulated to enable market forces determine price, sort of government is still fixing petroleum product prices. The overall result indicates that Nigerians are fully in support of deregulation of the sector, believing it will deliver positive effects, reduce challenges in the sector and create better prospects and opportunities.6.2 RecommendationThe purpose of this study is to examine the effects, challenges and prospects of the deregulation of the downstream oil and gas industry in Nigeria. To establish this objective, an compendium was conducted to evaluate findings on the effects, challenges and prospects. The study also examined deregulation implementation, competitive forces and innovation in the industry. This study recommendation would be based on the research findings, which includes the followingThe response from s taff (C) as shown in the appendix, suggests that the government is yet to fully deregulate the industry and NNPC is also still involve in product importation and distribution. He argued that the intending benefits of deregulation can only be achieved if the government totally discontinues direct participation and concentrates its efforts on the regulatory role. Against this background, this study recommends that government should display seriousness in implementing complete deregulation in the sector in accordance with the original policy framework. More oil marketers should be licensed, opportunities for free entry and exist should be allowed to encourage competition, equal participation and equity should be practiced without any sacred cow and more importantly, the film and supply mechanism should be allowed to determine prices. This is the conventional concept that is obtainable in most countries where deregulation is practiced.The need for government to encourage and support oi l marketers is also recommended in order to assist them acquire loan facilities. This view is consistent with the response from respondent (A) and (B) that suggested the provision of loan schemes most especially to natural oil marketers to grow in the industry. They argued that if governments wants to ensure that fuel scarcity is nipped in the bud, loan facilities should be granted to them to avoid supply lapses. This view is also back up by Kolawole (2012) who observes that probe by legislators of the sector reveals that the local content policy by way of encouraging indigenous operators are not enforced as claimed by The Indigenous Ship Owners Association of Nigeria (ISOAN). The ISOAN accused the NNPC of deliberately side-lining Nigeria ship owners from lifting fuel both locally and international. The practice by NNPC will not encourage the deregulation program. A non-discriminatory system should be enforced, especially to the local oil marketers and vessel owners.Inefficiency a nd lack of integrity contributes largely to the major problems affecting the downstream oil and gas sector. Corruption is the main problem militating against the government policy agenda of deregulation (Auwal and Mamman, 2012). According to respondent (C) he posits that the government monitoring arm deal the PPPRA, DPR NNPC and the security agents saddled with the responsibility of appraising and ensuring the success of deregulation are complete disappointment and have failed in their assigned responsibility because of their corrupt practices. This implies that government should fight corruption by ensuring that the agencies responsible for implementing and coordinating the deregulation program are monitored to ensure they discharge their jobs with integrity. Corrupt officers collaborating with fuel importing syndicates to frustrate government policies of proliferation of refineries in Nigeria should be fetched out, arrested and punished in order to serve as a deterrent to others. To maintain competitive advantage under the industrys current deregulation platform requires innovative and strategic approaches to gain market typeset. This view corresponds with the observation made by the industry respondents on the high competitive nature of the sector. Hence, prompt them to carry out market intelligence to have a competitive edge over their competitors. Essentially, the oil marketers should be more proactive by act in technological innovations, training courses, research and development in order for them to remain competitive. They should also invest in high tech facilities like oil discharge jetties, pipeline networks for oil and gas product distribution to their customers. According to Barney and Zajac (1994) competitive strategies depends significantly on firms resources and capabilities. However, if the strategies are not adopted, the capabilities are more liable(predicate) to emerge during periods of turbulence and market instability. Hart (1995) also argues that innovative strategies can lead to the development of firms specific capabilities which can be a source of competitive advantage.The analysis of the downstream oil and gas industry using Porters Five forces framework shows that the threats of new entrants is low. The reason as observed by respondent A and B is that the sector is capitally intensive with the old oil marketers enjoying economies of scale and large customer loyalty. New entrants are struggling to penetrate the industry under the deregulated environment. The analysis also reveals that threats of substitute to petroleum products is low. According to respondent C there is over dependence on petroleum products in the country without any foreseeable alternative in the near future. The bargaining power of suppliers as observed by respondent A is high, NNPC is mainly the dominant importer and distributor with only hardly a(prenominal) other importers participating. This study recommends that for deregulation to su cceed, the government should promote alliances and mergers among the smaller marketers in the industry to enable them take market position. Government should also think of diversification into renewable energy sources like wind energy, tidal waves and solar energy which is in high abundance in the country. This will reduce the high contract and over dependence on petroleum products. More oil marketers should be encouraged to get involved in products importation and distribution. The refineries should also be privatized for them to croak properly and discourage importation. The adoption of these measures by the government will create the enabling environment for deregulation to succeed.BIBLIOGRAPHYBOOKSAnsoff, H. I. (1965). Corporate Strategy An Analytical Approach to origin policy for growth and expansion. Newyork McGraw-Hill, 1965. (pp. 118-121).Babbie, E. (2004). The practice of social research (10th ed.). Belmont, CA Wadsworth.Best, J. W. and Khan, J.V. (1993). Research in Ed ucation 7th Edition. Boston Allyn andBaconBoutellier, R., Gassmann, O. and Von Zedtwitz, M. (2000). Managing Global knowledgeableness. Berlin Springer. pp. 30. ISBN 3-540-66832-2.Bryman, A. (2004). Social Research Methods. second edition. New York Oxford UniversityPress.Burns, T. and Stalker, E. (1961). The Management of Innovation. capital of the United Kingdom Travistock.Chandler, A.D. Jr. (1962). Strategy and Structure Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise. Cambridge, MA MIT Press.Charles, W. L. H. and Gareth, R. J. (1989). strategical Management An Integrated Approach. Houghton Mifflin Company. Copyright edition. p. 69.Cliff, B. and David A. (1987). strategical management. Macmillan Press Ltd, 1st Edition. p. 77.Collis, J. and Hussey, R. (2003). Business Research, number Edition. Palgrave and Macmillan.Collis, D.J. and Montgomery, C.A. (1997). Corporate Strategy Resources and the Scope of the Firm. Boston Irwin.Crotty, M. (1998). The Foundations of Social Rese arch Meaning and Perspective in theResearch Process. London SAGE Publications Ltd.Cyert, R. and March, J. (1963). A Behavioural Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall.Gerry, J., Richard, W. and Kevan. S. (2011). Exploring Strategy Text and Cases. Pearson Education Limited, 9th Edition, p. 61-64.Given, L. M. (2008). The able Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods. Sage Thousand Oaks, CA, Vol.2, pp.697698.John, L. T. (2001). Strategic Management fourth edition Produced by Gray Publishing, Tunbridge Wells. (p.9).Kotler, P. and Amstrong, G. (2000). Principles of Marketing. New Jersey. Prentice Hall Inc.Learned, E.P., Christensen, C.R., Andrews, K.R. and Guth, W.D. (1965). Business policy Text and Cases. Homewood, IL Richard D. Irwin.Lawrence, P.R. and Lorsch, J.W. (1967). Organization and Environment Managing distinction and Integration. Division of Research, Harvard Business School, Cambridge, MA.Leedy, P.D. (1985). Practical Research, Planning and Design. Lond on McMillanPublishers.Leedy, P.D and Ormrod, E.J. (2001). Practical Research Planning and Designing.Merrill Prentice Hall Upper Saddle.March, J.G. and Simon, H.A. (1958). Organizations. New York John Wiley.McQuail, D. (1994). Mass communication Theory. London Sage.Michael, D. M. (2002).Qualitative Research in Information Systems. SAGE Publications, Limited.Miles, M. B. and Huberman, A. M. (1984). Qualitative Data Analysis, a Sourcebook of NewMethods. Beverley Hills, CA, USA. Sage Publications.Minztberg, H. (1979). The Structuring of Organisations. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice Hall, 1979. P. 25.Peter, W., Charles, D. P. and Mark, J. K. (1994). Strategic Management Text and Cases, Second Edition. Copyright by Allen and Bacon, 1994. (p. 4).Porter, M.E. (1980). Competitive Strategy Techniques for Analysing Industries and Competitors, Free Press.Ralph, D. S. (1996). Strategic Management and Organisational Dynamics. Pitman Publishing, 1996. Second Edition. (p. 8).Rumelt, R.P., Schen del, D.E. and Teece, D.J. (eds) (1994). Fundamental Issues in Strategy. Cambridge, MA Harvard Business School Press.Seale, C. (2004). Researching familiarity and Culture. 2nd edition. London SAGESullivan, A. and Sheffrin, S. M. (2002). scotchs Principles in Action. New Jersey Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-063085-3.Thompson, A. A. and Strickland, A. J. (2001). Strategic Management Concepts and cases. McGraw-Hill, 12 th Edition, (p. 5-7) Thompson, J.D. (1967). Organizations in Action. New York McGraw-Hill.Tidd, J. and Bessant, J. (2009). Managing Innovation Integrating Technological, Market and Organizational Change. 4 ed. with Keith Pavitt. Chichester Wiley.Trott, P. (2005). Innovation management and new product development, 3rd edition, Financial Times Prentice Hall. Cited in Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th edition, Prentice Hall, p. 296Woodward, J. (1965). Industrial Organization Theory and Practice. New York Oxford University Press.ARTICLES AND JOUR NALAbu, I. N. (2012). deregulation and Privatisation of the Upstream and Downstream Oil and Gas Industry in Nigeria Curse or Blessing? International journal of Business Administration Vol. 3, no 1 January 2012, 16 ISSN 1923-4007 E-ISSN 1923-4015. www.sciedu.ca/ijbaAcemoglu, D., Aghion, A. and Zilibotti, F. (2006). Distance to frontier, selection, and economic growth. Journal of the European economical Association, 4 (1), 37-74.Adelabu, N. S. (2012). The semipolitical thriftiness of Oil Deregulation in Nigerias FourthRepublic Prospects and Challenges. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies (JETERAPS) 3(3) 193-198,Afeikhena, J. (1996). Privatisation of Public Enterprises in Nigeria Expectations misrepresentation and Reality, in Ademola, A. ed., Economic elucidate and Macroeconomic Management in Nigeria, Ibadan Centre for Public Private Cooperation, at 79.Akinwumi, F.S., Isuku, E. J. and Agwaranze, D. Q. (2005). University Education Deregulation Pros and Cons, in G.O. Akpa, S.U. Udoh and E.O. Fagbamiije (Eds).Akper, P.T. (2001). Socio-Political and Economic Reform in Nigeria In Political Reform and Economic Recovery in Nigeria, in Ayua, I.A and D.A. Guabadia (Eds.) Nigeria Institute of Advance Legal Studies, Lagos, ISBN 9789782353702Alesina, A., Ardagna, S., Nicoletti, G., and Schiantarelli, F. (2005). Regulationand investment. Journal of the European Economic Association, 3 (4), 791- 825.Amana, A. R. and Amana, S. A. (2011). Oil, Product Price Deregulation and National Development in Nigeria. Department of Banking and Finance, Faculty of Management Sciences, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria.Auwal, U. and Mamman. J. A. (2012). The downstream Sector An estimation of oil color Products Supply in Nigeria.Bafor, B. E. (2001). Economic and Social constraints to Harnessing the Potentials of the Upstream Sector of the Nigeria oil Industry.Baily, M., Gordon, R. and Solow, R. (1981). Productivity and the services of capital an d labour. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, (1), 1-65.Barney, J. B. and Zajac, E. J. (1994). Competitive organisational doings Towards and organisationally based theory of competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, Winter 1994, 15, pp. 5-9.Beim, D. O. and Charles, W. C. (2001). Emerging Financial Markets. New York McGraw-Hill.Blanchard, O. and F. Giavazzi 2003. Macroeconomic Effects of Regulation and Deregulation in Goods and ram markets, Quarterly Journal of Economics 879-906.Carson, D., Gilmore, A., Perry, C., and Gronhaug, K. (2001) Qualitative Marketing Research. London, UK SAGE.Clark, C. H. (1980). Idea Management How to Motivate Creativity and Innovation. New York AMACOM.Cohen, W.M. and Levinthal, D.A. (1990). A new perspective on erudition and innovation, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 1, 128-52.Dalziel, P. (2010). Spending in the economy, Economic reform from 1984. Te Ara the Encyclopaedia of New Zealand.DME, (2007). Deregulation of the pet roleum industry position report card, Deregulation ofthe rock oil Industry. Is it an option for RSA now?Duffy, M.E. (1986) Quantitative and qualitative research antagonistic or complimentary? Nursing and Health Care 86, 356-357.Ehinomen, C. and Adeleke, A. (2012). An assessment of the distribution of Petroleum products in Nigeria , Department of Economics and Business Studies Redeemers university, Nigeria.Ekundayo, A. and Ajayi, A. I. (2008). The Deregulation of University Education in Nigeria Implication or Quality Assurance. Nebuta.Ernest, P. and Young, C. (1988). The Colonial State and Postcolonial Crisis, in Ernest P. and Young, C. The Transfers of power, 1960 1980. New Haven and London Tale University press.Essien, A. and Isacc, A. (2012). Oil Subsidy Removal in Nigeria Chasing Water Falls. University of Uyo, Nigeria.Estache, A. and Wren-Lewis, L. (2009). Toward a theory of regulation for developingCountries Following blue jean Jacques Laffonts lead. Journal of Economic Lit erature, 47 (3), 729-770.Evans, L., Grimes, A. and Wilkinson, B. (1996). Economic Reform in New Zealand 1984-95 The Pursuit of Efficiency. Journal of Economic Literature 34 (4) 1856-1902.Ezeagba, C. E. (2005). Deregulation of Nigerian Economy Implications for theDownstream Petroleum Industry, Certified National Accountant.Foster, C. (1993). Privatization, Public Ownership and the Regulation of Natural Monopoly. London Basil Blackwell.Given, L.M. (2008). The Sage encyclopedia of qualitative research methods. Los Angeles, Calif. Sage Publications. ISBN 1-4129-4163-6.Green, R. (1994). Britains Unregulated Electricity Pool in Einhorn, M. (ed) From Regulation to Competition New Frontiers on electricity Markets. Boston Kluwer Academic Publisher.Hart, S. L. (1995). A natural resources based view of the firm. Academic of Management Review, 20(4), pp. 986-1014.Healey, N. (1990). Thatcher miracle in perspective. Economic and Political Weekly, 25(31), 1703-1704.Hudson, L. A, and Ozanne, J. L, (1988). Alternative Ways of Seeking Knowledge in Consumer Research, 14 (4), 508.Innocent, O.E. and Charles, O.C. (2011). Political Economy Of deregulation Policy In Nigeria. The Challenges Ahead, Journal of business and organizational development. Volume 2, cenresin publications .www.cenresin.orgIzibili, M. and Aiya, F. (2007), Deregulation and Corruption in Nigeria An Ethical Response, Kamal -Raj. Journal of Sciences. 14(3) 229 234.Jean, B. (2012). The Political Economy of Oil Subsidy in Nigeria International Association for Energy Economics.Kahn, A. E. (2004). Lessons from deregulation Telecommunications and airlines afterthe crunch. Washington, D.C. AEI-Brookings Joint Centre for Regulatory Studies.Kelly, P. and Kranzburg M. (1978). Technological Innovation A Critical Review of Current Knowledge. San Francisco San Francisco Press.Kikeri, S. and Nellis, (2004). An Assessment of Privatization . The world Bank Res. Obs. 19 87-118.Mathew, A. I. and Fidelis, A. (2007). Deregulation a nd Corruption in Nigeria An Ethical Response. Kamla-Raj 2007, J. Soc. Sci., 14(3) 229-234.Mathews, K., Minford, P., Nickell, S. and Helpman, E. (1987). Mrs ThatchersEconomic policies 1979-1987. Economic Policy, 2 (5), 59-101.McCormick, R., W. Shugart and R. Tollison (1984). The Disinterest in Deregulation, Economic Review 74, pp. 1075-79.Morgan, I. (2004). prise Carter, Bill Clinton, and the new democratic economics.The Historical Journal, 47 (4), 1015-1039.Navarro, P. and Shames, M. (2003). Electricity deregulation Lessons learned fromCalifornia. Energy Law Journal, 24 (1), 33-64.Noll, R. and B. Owen (1983), The Political Economy of Deregulation (Washington American Enterprise Institute).Nordhaus, W., Houthakker, H. and Sachs, J. (1980). Oil and economic performancein industrial countries. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 11 (1980-2), 341-399.Nwokeji, G. U. (2007). The Nigeria National Petroleum Cooperation and the development of the Nigeria oil and gas industry History, st rategies and current directions . University of California, Bekerly,Odeh, A. M. (2011). Deregulation Policy in the downstream oil sector and the Nigeria economy. Journal of Social Science and Public Policy, Cenresin Publications. www.cenresinpub.orgOduah, S.A. (2006). Oil and Gas finance in Nigeria Issues, Challenges and Prospects. Chartered Institute of Bankers, Nigeria, (p, 272).Ogunbodede, E. F., Ilesanmi, A.O. and Olurankinse, F. (2010). Petroleum Motor Spirit (PMS) and Nigerian Public Passenger Transportation System. The Social Sciences, Volume 5, Issue 2, Page No. 113-121. DOI 10.3923/sciences.Olumide, I. (2011). Nigerian oil industry and fuel subsidy the facts, the myths and the hidden truthOluwole, O. (2004). Deregulation of the Downstream Petroleum Sub-Sector The Journey so far. A paper presented at a seminar organised for the executives of the central bank of Nigeria (CBN).Onyishi, A. O., Eme, O. I. E. and Ikechukwu, E. J. (2012). Domestic and International implications o f subsidy removal crisis in Nigeria. Department of Public Administration and Local Government, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.Peltzman, S. (1976). Toward a more general theory of regulation. Journal of Law and Economics, 19 (2), Conference on the Economics of Politics and Regulation, 211-240. Malden, MA 02148, USA.Pol Herrmann (2005). Evolution of strategic management The need for new dominant designs International Journal of Management Reviews Volume 7 Issue 2 pp. 111-130 Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2005, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street.Posner, R. (1974). Theories of Economic Regulation, gong Journal of Economics and Management Sciences (Autumn), pp. 335-58.Posner, R. (1975). The social costs of monopoly and regulation. The Journal of Political Economy, 83 (4), 807-828.Ramanadham, V.V. (1993). Constraints and Impacts of Privatization. London Routledge.Rassenti, S. J., Smith, V. L. and Wilson, B. J. (2002). Using experiments to inform theprivatization/dereg ulation movement in electricity. Cato Journal, 21, 515-544.Rothwell, G. and Gomez, T. (2003). Electricity economics Regulation and deregulation.Piscataway, NJ IEEE Press.Slater, S. F. and Narver, J. (1994). Does competitive environment moderate the market orientation performance relationship, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 58. (January), 46-55.Stigler, G. (1974). Free Riders and Collective Action An Appendix to Theories of Economic Regulation, Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science 5 (Autumn), pp. 359-65.Stigler, G. (1971).The Theory of Economic Regulation, Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science 2 (Spring), pp. 3-21.Trott, P. (1998). Growing businesses by generating genuine business opportunities, Journal of Applied Management Studies, Vol. 7, No. 4, 211-222Winston, C. (1993). Economic deregulation Days of reckoning for macroeconomists.Journal of Economic Literature, 31 (3), 1263-1289.Winston, C. (1998). U.S. industry enrollment to economic deregulation. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12 (3), 89-110.WEBSITEAghion, P., Alesina, A. and Trebbi, F. (2007). Democracy, technology and growth. NBER Working Paper No. 13180. http//www.nber.org/papers/w13180 (Last visited 12/02/2013)Braide, K.M. (2003). Modes of deregulation in the downstream sector of Nigeria Petroleum Industry. http//www.nigerdeltacongress.com/marticles/modes_of_deregulation_in_the_dow.html (Last visited 16/02/2013)Diezani, A. M. (2012). Investment Opportunities in Nigerias Downstream Oil and Gas Value Chain.Download powerpoint presentation 1-New World Nigeria www.newworldnigeria.com (Last visited on 20/02/2013)EIA, (2012) Energy information administration, Country Brief. http//www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=NI (Last visited 25/02/2013)Elf-Rufia, (2011). Oil and Gas (3), The Downstream Dilemma.http//saharareporters.com/article/oil-gas-3-downstream-dilemma-nasir-ahmad-el-rufai (Last visited 02/03/2013)Enenmoh, G. I. (2004). Investment Opportunities in a Deregulated downstream Pet roleum Sector. At PPPRA Nigeria http//www.pppra-nigeria.org/articles.asp (Last visited 08/02/2013)Graham, H. (2000). Chi-Square Test Research Methods 1 Hand-out, COGS-version 1.0, family 2000, page 1. http//www.sussex.ac.uk/Users/grahamh/RM1web/sthand5.pdf(Last visited 25/02/2013).Guichaoua, Y. (2006). Oil and Political Violence in Nigeria h Stewart, S. (2001). Deregulation and National Competition Policy and its Effect on Rural and regional Areas. http//www.ifri.org/files/Energie/GUICHAOUA.pdf (Last visited 04/02/2013)Hicks, M. (2004). Petroleum Products Pricing Commission. Commissioner expressesconcern over looming fuel-prices crises. http//www.releases.gov.nl.ca/releases/2004/gsl/0515n01.html (Last visited 16/02/2013)Hirsch, R. F. (1999). Power loss The origins of deregulation and restructuring in theAmerican electric utility system. Cambridge, MA MIT Press. http//www.history.vt.edu/Hirsh/KJT-screen.pdf (Last visited 06/02/2013)Holly, R. (1999). Deregulation of the Canadian Natur al Gas Market. http//www.piac.ca/energy/deregulation_of_the_canadian_natural_gas_market/ (Last visited 28/02/2013)Ibanga, I. (2011). The economics of privatization and deregulating the Nigerian downstream oil sector. http//www.florin.com/valore/ifiokibanga.html. (Last visited 14/02/2013)Inhaber, H. (2002). Deregulation and its Discontents. Ideas in Action, Grace Creek Media and The George W. shrub Institute. Published June 10, 2012. http//www.ideasinactiontv.com/tcs_daily/2002/02/deregulation-and-its-discontents.html (Last visited on 26/02/2013).Jeff, C. L. (2010). Chi-Square Test, Encyclopedia Entry.http//srmo.sagepub.com/view/encyc-of-research-design/n48.xml (Last visited 28/02/2013)Kimberly, A. (2013). About.com Guide Deregulation. http//useconomy.about.com/od/glossary/g/deregulation.htm (Last visited 09/02/2013)Krugman, P. (2001). Laissez Not Fair. York Times (New York Times Company). Published June 10, 2011. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deregulation (Last visited 17/02/2013)Le sser, V. (2007). Advantages and disadvantages of probability and nonprobabilitysampling.http//people.oregonstate.edu/hunterzk/ncat/pubs/TRANSED/1081_Surveys.Pdf (Last visited 26/02/2013)NEEDS, (2004). National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy. NEEDS National Planning Commission Abuja. http//www.ng.undp.org/documents/NEEDS/NEEDS.pdf (Last visited 18/02/2013)NEEDS, (2012). National Economic Empowerment and Development. Strategy NEEDS http//ji4d.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/NEEDS.pdf (Last visited 14/02/2013)Okafor, L. (2004). Deregulation Of The Nigerian Downstream Oil Sector Keeping Faith With A Global At PPPRA Nigeria http//www.pppra-nigeria.org/articles.asp (Last visited 06/02/2013)Pera, A. (1988). Deregulation and privatization in an economic wide context. OECD Economic Studies No. 12, Spring 1989,http//www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/43/35381774.pdf (Last visited 15/02/2013)PPPRA (2004). Resentations on Deregulation. www.pppra-nigeria.org/presentation.asp (Last visited 17 /02/2013).Richard, A. (2012). FAQ on Deregulation of the Downstream Petroleum Sector and Removal of Fuel Subsidy. http//www.bizhallmark.com/index.php/feed/permalink/6557.txt (Last visited 19/02/2013)Tosanwunmi, O. (2012). Fuel Subsidy Removal or Deregulation Evolving a Working Policy in Nigeria. http//alphaedufoundation.org/ (Last visited 13/02/2013)Wiley, J. (1999). Sampling of Populations Methods and Applicationswww.oecd.org/dataoecd/11/53/33659904.pdf (Last visited 21/02/2013)Wolak, F. (2001). Market Design and Price Behavior in Restructured Electricity Markets AnInternational comparisons, Working Paper http//www-leland.stanford.edu/wolak (Last visited 18/02/2013)Wolfl, A., Wanner, I., Kozluk, T. and Nicoletti, G. (2009). 10 years of productmarket reforms in OECD countries Insights from a revised PMR indicator. OECD Economics Department Working Papers No. 695, Apr.,http//www.oecd.org/dataoecd/29/41/42779045.pdf (Last visited 23/02/2013)OTHERSAdebayo, A. (1999). veneering the f uture of Nigeria. Lecture Delivered for Policy and Strategic Studies, Kuru, Jos, Nigeria.Adedipe, B. (2004). The impact of Oil on Nigerias Economic Policy Formulation. Paper presented at the Conference organized by the oversea Development Institute in Collaboration with Nigerian Economic Summit group.Adeogun, A. (2010). No Cartel is Big Enough to Determine Fuel Prices Under aDeregulated Regime, Daily Sun, Th