IPC Chapters Essays

IPC Chapters Essays IPC Chapters Essay IPC Chapters Essay Soft and silvery in pure form Highly reactive Combines with oxygen with a ration of two to one: ALL Group 2 entanglements in the second group of the periodic table Reactive Combine one to one with oxygen Hallucinogens 17 Toxic gases or liquids in pure form Very reactive Rarely found in pure form When combined with alkali metals they create salts: Nacelle Courageous 18 Do not naturally form chemical bonds Found mostly in their pure form called inert gases Not reactive Transition Metatarsals 3-12 Good conductors of heat and electricity Moderately reactive Periods: row of the periodic table. Determine which energy level is filled up to. Period 1: energy level 1 etc. Study the properties of the elementariness properties: characteristics of matter that can only be observed when one substance changes into a different substance, such as iron into rust. Physical properties: characteristics of matter that can be seen through direct observation such as density, melting point and boiling point. Metals: typically shiny and good conductors of heat and energy, ductile Non-Metals: poor conductors of heat and electricity, dull and brittle Alloy: solid mixture of one or more elements Metalloid: properties in between those of metals and non-metals Electrical conductors: a material that allows electricity to flow through easily. Metals good conductors Non-metals poor conductors Metalloid moderate conductors Thermal conductors: a material that allows heat to flow easily. Metals good Insulators: a material that slows down or stops the flow of either heat or electricity. Non-metals are good Insulators Carbon and carbon like elementariness hard, pure carbon, natural substance, highest thermal conductivity. Every carbon atom is bonded to four another atoms tetrahedral crystal) Graphite black solid, slippery powdered when ground up. Silicon- abundant , four electrons in the outermost energy level/bonds with four other atoms / sands, rocks, minerals gemstones/glass/semiconductors (computer chips, electronic devices) Germanium semiconductors Nitrocellulose, tasteless, odorless gas. Makes up 77 percent of earths atmosphere Consist of molecule of two atoms (NO); Boiling point 196 C Rapid freezing in medical application/ ex. Skin warts by liquid nitrogen. Protein, DNA, ecological cycle Bacteria convert NON into proteins amino acids nutrient Oxygenates up 21 recent of the earths atmosphere. Consist of molecule with two atoms (02). Abundant element. 46 percent of earth crust Highly reactive/ bond to other elements in rocks and minerals forming oxides(Isis), (Cacao),(ALLAY) , (MGM) are mineral compounds, Hematite, oxide of iron (Effie). Phosphorus key Ingredient of DNA Molecule carry the genetic code in all organisms Glue in the dark absorb light [store energy / greenish glow as re-emit energy slowly. Chemical properties vs.. Physical prehistorically properties are: color, smell, freezing point, boiling point, melting point, infra-red spectrum, attraction paramagnetic) or repulsion (diamagnetic) to magnets, opacity, viscosity and density. There are many more examples. Note that measuring each of these properties will not alter the basic nature of the substance. Chemical properties are: heat of combustion, reactivity with water, PH, and electromotive force Review periodic table (how to read)Atomic number: protons and electrons Mass number: protons plus neutrons Review standardization number: indicates the charge of an atom when an electron is lost, gained or shared in a chemical bond. An oxidation number of +1 means an electron is lost, -1 means and electron is gained.

Development of a Systematic Perspective on School Based Management Policy and Implementation

Development of a Systematic Perspective on School Based Management Policy and Implementation Introduction The research paper is a critical examination of the concept of school based management. It is no doubt that public schools have in the recent past rethought and redesigned the manner with which they opt to operate effectively and efficiently via the process of restructuring or systematic reforms (Fiske, 1995).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Development of a Systematic Perspective on School Based Management Policy and Implementation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To show that the matter is a serious issue, various countries across the globe have initiated such approaches in order to uplift national education. An example of such is Indonesia where the central government came up with a commission of national education that was back in 2001; this decentralized education. This was realized by formation of school councils which were later realized to bring democratic leadership translating to hig her level of parent participation in issues relating to governing the schools as well as improved national education level (Bryk et al., 1998). In the wake of 21st centaury it is worth noting that all Indonesia public schools had adopted school based management. It is thus very important to emphasis the importance of balancing between centralization and decentralization of policies regarding school based management. In the strictest terms, school based management has been though of as the mechanisms used to decentralize decision making authority to the school site which is a popular approach that gain momentum in early 1980s thanks to school reform movements (Weiss, 1992). As noted, majority of schools have make efforts in trying to implement this approach in managing budgets, curriculum among other issues in schools. The various advantages of the approach brought forth by proponents include the following; learners will be offered best programs since resources are wisely allocated; better decisions are arrived at since it is made by a group and not individuals and it also results to enhance communication between and among the relevant stakeholders. To address the issue of SBM the paper will develop systematically and defend with sound reasons and arguments a version of SBM together with its associated accountability mechanisms that would be appropriate for a school in the United Kingdom.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, the successes associated with SBM are also of importance. The challenges that will be faced in trying to implement the proposed approach will be tackled. Lastly an explanation of how best SBM can be used to promote improvements in students learning outcomes will be covered. A version of School Based Management As noted previously, SBM main objective and aim is to bring about positive change. It is worth noting fr om the onset that SBM seeks to transfer a number of responsibility and decision making with regards to operation of schools not only to teacher and principals but also to parents, students, and business people among other stakeholders. Nonetheless, such decentralization of authority needs to be in line with policies that are centrally determined. It is no doubt that there are a number of SBM programs that that can be employed in public school. The differences usually arise both in terms of the one bestowed with the power and responsibility in coming up with decisions as well as to what degree of coming up with decisions have been devolved o schools and its constituents (Katyal Evers, 2007). Among the version in place include the following; the one in which the principals or teachers are bestowed with the power to execute the authority. With this version, the principal has the ultimate authority but the council only advices him. The second approach which I will further discus is whe re the parents, students as well as community participates. Generally speaking the program does delegate duties in such areas as coming up with school budgets, infrastructural improvements, hiring and firing of teachers, developing school curriculum, issues relating to textbooks, coming up with the school calendar aimed at meeting the needs and aspirations of the community, monitoring as well as evaluating performance of teachers to mention but a few. According to Oswald, 1995: Par. 2 [In an SBM system, authority can transfer from the state government to school boards, from school boards to superintendents, from superintendents to principals, from principals to other members of the school community such as teachers and parents, or some combination of two or more of these]. In any organization a chain of command is deemed important for a number of reasons. On of them being that individuals or groups will clearly know who to report to and secondly it enhances holding such groups or in dividuals accountable for their actions. It has been shown that for SBM to be adopted in a successful manner there is need to actively incorporate all the relevant authorities.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Development of a Systematic Perspective on School Based Management Policy and Implementation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This only happens where the principal adopts an approach to making decision that is team oriented. With such a system in place all relevant stakeholders such as teachers, parents, the community and students will feel part of the team hence develop positive attitude towards the schools’ activities. Additionally a sense of ownership is build when decisions are arrived at from a team format (Leithwood Menzies, 1998). Having in mind that the local communities understands their problems better the version of SBM rests on the fact that communities should be taking an active role in the efforts aimed at bettering services related to education that majorly include ho to plan, monitor as well as evaluate programs that are educational via the school councils (Murphy Beck, 1995). A school council has been thought as an independent body that is formed to offer advice, â€Å"directions and support for personnel, facilities and equipment as well as monitoring of schools†. With such a council in place there are certain roles they will play which include; being an advisor and help schools determine as well as approve educational policies, being an agency in supporting schools when it comes to issues of finances, being a controlling body with the ultimate goal of bringing transparency and accountability and lastly being a mediator between the school and other external bodies such as governments among others. For my version, the council should be independent and opt to not have any hierarchal link with the government. It formation should be open, accountab le as well as being democratic. To form a council, a school needs to form a committee comprising of members from the following divides; education practitioners; principal, representatives of the teachers, parents, religious as well as community representatives (Oswald, 1995). The later opt to be made up of non governmental organizations, local authority, religious leader’s business people and a person deemed to be of a public figure. The responsibility of the committee is to set everything right for election of council members.  It is worth noting that the number to be included in the council varies with the size of the school. Ideally the provision calls for selection of at least 9 members. Having representatives from principal, community, teachers, local government and school foundation is key. Among the major reasons why I think this version is best rests on its ability to ensure that all relevant stakeholders are incorporated in their decision making processes. The adva ntage with this is that it brings a sense of ownership hence making the relevant stakeholders feel part of the team and will support the decisions arrived at (Murphy Beck, 1995).  Additionally having the approach not being related to the central governments helps in ensuring that the decision arrived at as well as ideas brought forth by the relevant stakeholders are solemnly based and identified from its natural settings (Weiss, 1992).Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is no doubt that this results in coming up with solutions tailored in curbing local problems. Similarly, there are chances of the principal making sound decisions as he is provided with an opportunity to learn more and improves his/her leadership styles. To exemplify this, when firing a teacher, all the relevant stakeholders through the council will adequately analyze the issue at hand before coming to a conclusion. This plays a major role in ensuring that good teachers are not fired just because they differ in ideologies with their bosses (Oswald, 1995). It has also been argued that such an approach of SBM brings with it an effective way of communication. Having in mind that information is power, each an every party will not be left in the dark when important decisions are arrived at. Through the committee, teachers, parents, students, the principal and the community representatives will be adequately informed of what will be happening in the near future. With such an approach, their views are highly welcomed to help arrive at the final decision (Murphy Beck, 1995). Additionally, the chosen approach ensures that individuals take responsibility. Where thing will go wrong, there is a group of individuals who can be easily held accountable. For instance if teachers or parents have not play their roles adequately then there is room to call them and hold them accountable for what they have done or failed to do. Accountability mechanism As held by Leithwood Menzies, 1998 it is no doubt that having SBM program without its associated transparency and accountability mechanisms is nothings. There is need to provide a mechanism within the program that will ensure all stakeholders actively take part in forming policies as well as effectively evaluate the school. This goes an extra mile in enhancing transparency and accountability. Despite the fact that the program provides schools with autonomy there is need to hold higher level of accountability either internally o r externally. Weiss, 1992 indentified that for the internal accountability mechanisms, there is need to have in place an efficient and effective control mechanisms that will prevent financial malpractices that are self centered which might ultimately harm the school. Having in place such mechanisms will ensure that there is proper use of financial resources in line with the existing relevant laws and guidelines. Issues related to corruptions and kickbacks need to be adequately addressed.  Consequently, the school opt to examine analyze their plans more frequently in order to establish whether it is running its activities in accordance with the real demands and the direction of school development. With this being accomplished, there is need to make necessary alterations when called for. Having in place mechanisms to ensure a systematic as well as a regular system of evaluating itself there are higher chances of the school being able to analyze how effective it is in offering qualit y services. This brings with it the advantage of self-evaluating translating to improvements and a development that is continuous (Katyal Evers, 2007). Another mechanism for accountability and transparency is for the school to correctly utilize school report as well as functions in order to adequately make the various stakeholders aware of progress of the school and how the student are fairing on. Lastly, when a team work approach is used to arrive at any decision this provides a system in which transparency is enhanced as well as providing internal checks and balances (Weiss, 1992). It is not enough to have in place internal accountability mechanisms; this thus calls for external one. The committee as well as the council needs to ensure that the program (SBM) is executed in a manner that is in line with relevant laws and regulations of the land. This will help in ensuring that the school is not in trouble with the government as well as local authority. In situations where the scho ol receives grants as well as subsidies from the government it opt to comply with the Code of Aid as well as all other terms associated with the same. On the same note, the plans to develop the school need to be in line with the requirements and provision in the government policies relating to education (Leung, 2005). According to Leung, 2005 there is need to have in place a yearly school account audit done by an external registered certified public accountant the same should be submitted to Education Management Board. This will ensure that whatever the school will be doing in terms of using the financial resources, they will be careful not to mess things up since there is someone who will cross check the same; ultimately resulting to transparency and accountability. Responsibilities of the stakeholders As already established there are various stakeholders who actively participate in ensuring that SBM is realized. Despite the fact that there are a myriad of responsibilities from the various stakeholders, there are some general ones which will be addressed herein. For instance, the council is bestowed with the responsibility of formulating and approving school policies as well as mission and vision, annual school programs as well as budget, designing strategic plan aimed at developing the school, determining the desired standards for learning, developing mechanisms to offer incentives to the principal and the teaching staff, creating an environment that is characterized with transparency, accountability as well as democracy aimed at improving quality of education in the school and encouraging increased participation of the various stakeholders in forming, implementing, monitoring as well as evaluating policies for the school (Yukl, 2006). Similarly, the council helps in fundraising aimed at providing the school with financial resources, identifying as well as solving emerging problems, forming partnerships as well as networks between the school and other extern al organizations aimed at improving education, responding to local as well as national requirements in the curriculum and lastly mobilizing both financial as well as non financial resources for the betterment of the school (Leung, 2005). The principal who is seen as the school manager is bestowed with responsibilities broadly categorized as policy making and management. The later involves such actions as determining promotion as well as dismissal of teacher but with conjunction with the council, manage school’s resources, create an environment in which both students as well as teachers will thrive (Katyal Evers, 2007). Additionally, the principal is responsible for ensuring that effective communication is enhances between and among the various stakeholders. On the same note, the principal opt to be accountable to the stakeholders including students, parents, teachers and the local community. Concerning teachers, they are responsible for ensuring that students are offered wit h quality education as well as monitoring and evaluating their performances. On top of this teacher are influential in making decisions as they take part in â€Å"planning, developing, monitoring, and improving instructional programs within the school† (Yukl, 2006: 45) Parents role and influence varies and include contributing in decision making, encouraging their children, support implementation of proposed policies, holding the manager as well as teachers accountable to mention but a few. Benefits of SBM There are several benefits associated with adopting SBM. One major one is that it enhances parental involvement. It has been shown that parent involvement to issues relating to their children helps them achieve more. In situations where parents actively monitor the progress of their student, they will be able to know their areas of weakness and try to help them. Additionally, when parents are involved, they create a learning environment back at home. This has been seen when they help their children do homework and encourage a culture of learning (Yukl, 2006). Similarly, parents do encourage their children by making them know they are unique and are capable of achieving academic excellence. In terms of social behavior, parent involvement help in shaping the manner of student and will try to avoid being in trouble. Lastly and more importantly, student whose parent are actively involved in their learning develop positive attitude hence have lower chances of dropping out of schools. Other benefits include an increase in quality as well as quantity of information sharing largely characterized by face to face communication. Having adequate information the relevant stakeholders will definitely make rational decision since they are not left in the dark in issues relating to school development (Leung, 2005). Additionally, SBM seek to bring both financial and instructional resources to be aligned with school’s goals, mission and objectives. This ultimate ly results to having in place programs aimed at providing students with better services (Weiss, 1992). In situations where there is delegation of duties and responsibilities, there are higher chances of the program nurturing new leaders across the various stages. This ensures that the organizations will have internally nurtured leaders who can rise to the occasion whenever called upon to take some responsibilities. On the same note, it is evident that the mechanisms for accountability and transparency will ensure that all relevant stakeholders work hard in ensuring that their activities are within existing laws, regulations and guidelines.  As suggested by Katyal Evers, 2007 SBM provide teachers, the community as well as the staff a higher chance of actively being involved when the school makes vital decisions. Such an initiative brings several advantages such as feelings of ownership and responsibility among others. Similarly, the approach ensures that it utilizes the expertise as well as competence of individuals who are working in the school to come up with decisions that will improve learning outcomes. This mainly rests on the ability of coming up with local solutions to local problems. According to Morrison, 2002 it is also important to point out that the decisions arrived at by the various stakeholders have been associated with increased students tests scores, decreased rates of dropouts as well as lower levels of suspensions and expulsion. According to Bryk et al 1998: 128; [In schools making systemic changes, structures are established which create opportunities for such interactions to occur. As teachers develop a broader say in school decision making, they may also begin to experiment with new roles, including working collaboratively. This restructuring of teachers’ work signifies a broadening professional community where teachers feel more comfortable exchanging ideas, and where a collective sense of responsibility for student development is likely to emerge. These characteristics of systemic restructuring contrast with conventional school practice where teachers work more autonomously and there may be little meaningful professional exchange among co-workers. ] Challenges facing implementation of SBM Just like any other program, SBM anticipates various challenges although in varying degrees. A major challenge is that of the stakeholders encountering more work characterized by confusion with regards to new responsibilities and tasks, problems in having an effective manner of coordination as well as performance of the school in a manner that is not even. Similarly, according to (Fiske, 1995: 212) SBM is a complex undertaking, raising multiple policy issues involving lines of authority for making decisions and responsibility and accountability for the consequences of such decisions,† This can be attested by problems associated with accountability where the school may want to exercise full authority over decision b ut the council will be held accountable. Additionally, lack of adequate knowledge and skills from some stakeholders might jeopardize the efforts of successfully implementing SBM. Such problems can be seen in communication and information sharing, lack of skills in decision making as well as trust issues among and between the involved parties (Yukl, 2006). On the same line of reasoning, there are instances where the teachers as well as the school manger or the principal might be reluctant to provide other parties the opportunity to actively engage in collective decision making.  It has also been shown that poor leadership can be another serious barrier to successful implementation of SBM program. It is worth noting that effective leadership is key in whatever field of study. When the one at the realm of the organization fails to demonstrate qualities such as team work, 360 communication frameworks, creating a democratic environment, being an effective communicator, acting assertive ly among other, then the chances of bringing everyone on board to consult and reach a consensus might not be realized (Bryk et al., 1998). SBM in promoting improvements in students To ensure that SBM is used to improve students learning, it is important for the stakeholders to be fully aware of what SBM is; what it can do as well as what it cannot do. This will help them tailor the policies towards achievable initiatives geared towards encouraging effective learning. However, it has been established that despite the fact that all relevant steps aimed at fostering improvement in students learning, they all depend on effective leadership. This concept ensures that all the relevant steps such as creating an environment that supports teaching and learning is created (Leithwood Menzies, 1998). This will also go an extra mile in making parents encourage to get involved hence resulting to supporting their children as well as school initiatives aimed at fostering students learning.  Addi tionally effective leadership ensures that there is effective communication characterized by 360 feedback mechanisms. With this, the teachers will make the test scores of students as well as the reasons behind the performances and recommendations to improve on them (Yukl, 2006). Having in place an inclusive approach, then all the relevant stakeholders will actively engage in activities that will help resolve the problem. On the same note effective leaders will strive in creating a cordial and interactive links with the students, teachers as well as other non teaching staffs. With this the major problems hindering education achievement can be pinpointed and as a result of collaboration of the various stakeholders viable solutions can be developed (Morrison, 2002). Conclusion From the review of School Based Management, it is evident that the concept despite of coming to limelight in 1980s, it has been adopted by majority of schools. It aims at decentralizing authority and improves sch ool performance. The version of SBM proposed is where the decisions are arrived via consultation and consensus between the council and the principal. Among the argument in support of this approach include ownership of decision, developing sound and rational decision, stakeholders feel involved hence offer their best among others. The mechanisms of enhancing accountability and transparency include external annual auditing and have in place efficient and effective control mechanisms that will prevent financial malpractices that are self centered which might ultimately harm the school among others. The paper has also tackled the various responsibilities of the relevant stakeholders. Similarly, the benefits of SBM have been addressed. The challenges hindering successful implementation of the program have also been addressed. Lastly having effective leadership and all relevant stakeholders being aware of what SBM is are necessary in ensuring that SBM can be used to improve and promote st udent learning. References Bryk, T. et al. (1998). Charting Chicago School Reform. Boulder, CO, Westview Press. Fiske, E. (1995). â€Å"Systematic school reform: Implications for architecture† In A. Meek (Ed.) Designing places for learning. Alexandria, VA: ASCD. Katyal, K. Evers, C. (2007). â€Å"Parents partners or clients? A re-conceptualization of home-school interactions†, Teaching Education, 18(1): 61-76. Leithwood, K. Menzies, T. (1998). â€Å"Forms and effects of school-based management: A review† Educational Policy, 12: (3) 325-346. Leung, C. (2005). â€Å"Accountability versus school development: self-evaluation in an international school in Hong Kong†, International Studies in Educational Administration, 33(1): 2-14. Morrison, K. (2002). School Leadership and Complexity Theory. London: Routledge/Falmer. Murphy, J. Beck L. (1995). School-based Management as School Reform. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Oswald, L. (1995). ‘School Based Management† College of Education  · University of Oregon. Web. Weiss, C. (1992). â€Å"Shared decision making about what? A comparison of schools with and without teacher participation† Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco. Yukl, G. (2006). Leadership in Organizations. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.